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苏颋《汾上惊秋》鉴赏
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:262
  汾上惊秋
苏颋
北风吹白云, 万里渡河汾。
心绪逢摇落, 秋声不可闻。
按照题目的标示,这首五绝大概是写诗人在汾水上惊觉秋天的来临,抒发岁暮时迈之类的感慨。诗的内容似乎也即如此。其实它有兴寄,有深意,是一首颇具特色的即兴咏史诗。
汾水在今山西省。这诗所说的“河汾”,是指汾水流入黄河的一段。这河、汾沿岸,便是汉、唐的河东郡。河东郡有个汾阴县(今山西万荣南)。汉武帝元鼎四年(前113)夏天,方士奏报祥瑞,在汾阴掘获黄帝铸造的宝鼎。武帝大喜,秋天亲自来到汾阴,祭祀土神后土,还和群臣在船中饮宴赋诗,作《秋风辞》。
开元时期的唐玄宗雄心勃勃,大有追步汉武帝之意。开元十一年(723)二月,玄宗来到汾阴祭祀后土,并下令改称汾阴为宝鼎县。苏颋其时正在礼部尚书任上,当也从驾参加了这个祭祀盛典。苏颋长期充任中枢要职,甚受玄宗器重。大概就在从驾祭祀后土之后,忽然被调离朝廷,出京入蜀,任益州大都督府长史,到开元十三年才又调回长安。外放的两年,是他一生仕履中最感失意的时期,这诗可能就是这一两年中的一个秋天所作的。
明瞭上述背景,就较易切实地理解这诗所蕴含的复杂心情,也可以体会诗人所以采取这种虚虚实实,若即若离,似明而晦,欲言而咽的表现手法的用意。前二句显然化用了《秋风辞》的诗意,首句即“秋风起兮白云飞”,次句为“泛楼船兮济河汾”,从而概括地暗示着当年汉武帝到汾阴祭后土的历史往事,同时也令人不难联想到唐玄宗欲效汉武帝的作为。两者何其相似,历史仿佛重演,这意味着什么,又启示些什么,诗人并不予点破,留给读者自行理会。然而题目却点出了一个“惊” 字,表明诗人的思绪是受了震惊的。难道是由于个人遭遇而被震惊了吗?就字面意思看,似乎有点象是即景自况。他在汾水上被北风一吹,一阵寒意使他惊觉到秋天来临;而他当时正处于一生最感失意的境地,出京放任外省,恰如一阵北风把他这朵白云吹得老远,来到了这汾水上。这也合乎题目标示的“汾上惊秋”。因此,前二句的含意是复杂的。总的来说,是在即景起兴中抒发着历史的联想和感慨,在关切国家的隐忧中交织着个人失意的哀愁。可谓百感交集,愁绪纷乱。
为了使读者体会这种心情,诗人在后二句便明确加以说穿了。“心绪”此处谓愁绪纷乱。“摇落”用《秋风辞》中“草木黄落”句意,又同本于宋玉《九辩》语 “悲哉秋之为气也,萧瑟兮草木摇落而变衰”。这里用以指萧瑟天气,也以喻指自己暮年失意的境遇,所以说“逢”。“逢”者,愁绪又加上挫折之谓,暗示出“心绪”并非只是个人的失意。“秋声”即谓北风,其声肃杀,所以“不可闻”。听了这肃杀之声,只会使愁绪更纷乱,心情更悲伤。这就清楚地表明了前二句所蕴含的复杂心情的性质和倾向。
实际上,这诗的表现手法和抒情特点,都比较接近阮籍的《咏怀诗》。读者从它的抒情形象中感觉到诗人有寄托,有忧虑,有感伤;但究竟为什么,是难以确切肯定的。他采用这种手法,可能是以久与政事的经验,熟悉历史的知识,意识到汉、唐两代的两个盛世皇帝之间有某种相似,仿佛受到历史的某种启示,隐约感到某种忧虑,然而他还说不清楚,也无可奈何,因此只能写出这种感觉和情绪。而恰是这一点,却构成了一种独有的艺术特点:以形象来表示,让读者去理会。  (倪其心)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:苏颋《汾上惊秋》鉴赏

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  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000590s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12239 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000457s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000486s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000348s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 263 WHERE `id` = 12239 [ RunTime:0.001619s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000270s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000330s ]
0.108641s