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古诗十九首《客从远方来》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:286
  客从远方来
(无名氏)
客从远方来,遗我一端绮。
相去万余里,故人心尚尔!
文彩双鸳鸯,裁为合欢被。
著以长相思,缘以结不解。
以胶投漆中,谁能别离此?
此诗似乎是《孟冬寒气至》的姊妹篇。它以奇妙的思致,抒写了一位思妇的意外喜悦和痴情的浮想。
这喜悦是与远方客人的突然造访同时降临的:客人风尘仆仆,送来了“一端”(二丈)织有文彩的素缎(“绮”),并且郑重其事地告诉女主人公,这是她夫君特意从远方托他捎来的。女主人公不禁又惊又喜,喃喃而语曰:“相去万余里,故人心尚尔”!一端文彩之绮,本来也算不得怎样珍贵;但它从“万里”之外的夫君处捎来,便带有了非同寻常的意义:那丝丝缕缕,该包含着夫君对她的多少关切和惦念之情!女主人公能不睹物而惊、随即喜色浮漾?如果将此四句,与前一首诗的“客从远方来,遗我一书札”对照着读,人们将会感受到,其中似还含有更深一层意蕴:前诗不是诉说着“置书怀袖中,三岁字不灭”的凄苦吗?一封“书札”而竟怀袖 “三岁”,可知这“万里”相隔不仅日久天长,而且绝少有音讯往还。这对家中的妻子来说,该是怎样痛苦难挨的事!在近乎绝望的等待中,难道不会有被遗弃的疑惧,时时袭上女主人公心头?而今竟意外地得到夫君的赠绮,那“千思万想而不得一音”的疑惧便烟消去散。那么,伴随女主人公的惊喜而来的,不还有那压抑长久的凄苦和哀伤的翻涌么?张庚称“故人心尚尔”一句“直是声泪俱下”、“不觉兜底感切”,正体味到了诗行之间所传达的这种悲喜交集之感(见《古诗十九首解》)。适应着这一情感表现特点,此诗开篇也一改《古诗十九首解》常从写景入手的惯例,而采用了突兀而起、直叙其事的方式。恐怕正是为了造成一种绝望中的 “意外”之境,便于更强烈地展示女主人色那交织着凄苦、哀伤、惊喜,慰藉的“感切”之情--这就是开篇的妙处。
自“文彩双鸳鸯”以下,诗情又有奇妙的变化:当女主人公把绮缎展开一瞧,又意外地发同,上面还织有文彩的鸳鸯双栖之形!鸳鸯双栖,历来是伉俪相偕的美好象征(如《孔雀东南飞》之结尾就是一例)。夫君之特意选择彩织鸳鸯之绮送她,不正倾诉着愿与妻子百年相守的热烈情意么?女主人公睹绮思夫,不禁触发起联翩的浮想:倘若将它裁作被面,不可以做条温暖的“合欢被”吗?再“著以长相思,缘以结不解”,该多么惬人心意!“著”有“充实”之意,“缘”指被之边饰。床被内须充实以丝绵,被缘边要以丝缕缀结,这是制被的常识。但在痴情的女主人公心中,这些平凡的事物,都获得了特殊的含义: “丝绵”使她联想到男女相思的绵长无尽;“缘结”暗示她夫妻之情永结难解。这两句以谐音双关之语,把女主人公浮想中的痴情,传达得既巧妙又动人!制成了 “合欢被”,夫君回来就可以和她同享夫妇之乐了。那永不分离的情景,激女主人公喜气洋洋,不禁又脱口咏出了“以胶投漆中,谁能别离此”的奇句。“丝绵”再长,终究有穷尽之时;“缘结”不解,终究有松散之日。这世上惟有“胶”之与“漆”,粘合固结,再难分离。那么,就让我与夫君像胶、漆一样投合、固结吧,看谁还能将我们分隔!这就是诗之结句所的奇思、奇情。前人称赞此结句“语益浅而情益深”。女主人公的痴情,正的如此深沉和美好呵!
初读起来,《客从远方来》所表现的,就是上述的喜悦和一片痴情。全诗的色彩很明朗;特别是“文彩双鸳鸯”以下,更是奇思、奇语,把诗情推向了如火似的锦的境界。但读者是否注意到:当女主人公欢喜地念叨着“以胶投漆中,谁能别离此”的时候,她恰恰正陷于与夫君“万里”相隔的 “别离”之中?以此反观全诗,则它所描述的一切,其实都不过是女主人公的幻想或虚境罢了!又何曾有远客之“来”,又何尝有彩“绮”之赠?倘若真能与夫君 “合欢”,她又何必要在被中“著”以长相之思、缘以不解之结?所以还是朱筠对此诗体会得真切:--“于不合欢时作‘合欢’想,口里是喜,心里是悲。更‘著以长相思,缘以结不解’,无中生有,奇绝幻绝!说至此,一似方成鸾交、未曾离者。结曰‘诗能’,形神俱忘矣。又谁知不能‘别离’者现已别离,‘一端绮’是悬想,‘合欢被’用乌有也?”(《古诗十九首说》)如此看来,此诗所描述的意外喜悦,实蕴含着夫妇别离的不尽凄楚;痴情的奇思,正伴随着苦苦相思的无声咽泣!钟嵘《诗品》称《古诗十九首》“文温而丽,意悲而远,惊心动魄”。这首诗正以温丽的“遗绮”之喜,抒写了悲远的“别离”之哀,“正笔反用”,就愈加 “惊心动魄”。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:古诗十九首《客从远方来》赏析

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  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001710s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.003327s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002672s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000499s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000734s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.001009s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001230s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001759s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000326s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000936s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000362s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001735s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000266s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000900s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12255 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001238s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000485s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000780s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 287 WHERE `id` = 12255 [ RunTime:0.002747s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000309s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000488s ]
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