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古诗十九首《青青河畔草》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:279
  青青河畔草
(无名氏)
青青河畔草,郁郁园中柳。
盈盈楼上女,皎皎当窗牖。
娥娥红粉妆,纤纤出素手。
昔为倡家女,今为荡子妇,
荡子行不归,空床难独守。
她,独立楼头体态盈盈,如临风凭虚;她,倚窗当轩,容光照人,皎皎有如轻云中的明月;为什么,她红妆艳服,打扮得如此用心;为什么,她牙雕般的纤纤双手,扶着窗棂,在久久地引颈远望:她望见了什么呢?望见了园久河畔,草色青青,绵绵延延,伸向远方,“青青河畔草,绵绵思无道;远道欲何之,宿昔梦见之”(《古诗》),原来她的目光,正随着草色,追踪着远行人往日的足迹;她望见了园中那株郁郁葱葱的垂柳,她曾经从这株树上折枝相赠,希望柳丝儿,能“留”住远行人的心儿。原来一年一度的春色,又一次燃起了她重逢的希望,也撩拔着她那青春的情思。希望,在盼望中又一次归于失望,情思,在等待中化成了悲怨。她不禁回想起生活的波弄,她,一个倡家女,好不容易挣脱了欢场泪歌的羁绊,找到了惬心的郎君,希望过上正常的人的生活;然而何以造化如此弄人,她不禁在心中呐喊:“远行的荡子,为何还不归来,这冰凉的空床,叫我如何独守!”
本诗定的就是这样一个重演过无数次的平凡的生活片断,用的也只是即景抒情的平凡的章法、“秀才说家常话”(谢榛语)式的平凡语言;然而韵味却不平凡。能于平凡中见出不平凡的境界来,就是本诗,也是《古诗十九首》那后人刻意雕镌所不能到的精妙。
诗的结构看似平直,却直中有婉,极自然中得虚实相映、正反相照之妙。诗境的中心当然是那位楼头美人,草色柳烟,是她望中所见,但诗人--他可能是偶然望见美人的局外人,也可能就是那位远行的荡子--代她设想,则自然由远而近,从园外草色,收束到园内柳烟,更汇聚到一点,园中心那高高楼头。自然界的青春,为少妇的青春作陪衬;青草碧柳为艳艳红妆陪衬,美到了极至。而唯其太美,所以篇末那突发的悲声才分外感人,也只是读诗至此,方能进一步悟到,开首那充满生命活力的草树,早已抹上了少妇那梦思般的哀愁。这也就是前人常说的《十九首》之味外味。如以后代诗家的诗法分析,形成前后对照,首尾相应的结构。然而诗中那朴茂的情韵,使人不能不感到,诗人并不一定作如此巧妙营构,他,只是为她设想,以她情思的开展起伏为线索,一一写成,感情的自然曲折,形成了诗歌结构的自然曲折。
诗的语言并不经奇,只是用了民歌中常用的叠词,而且一连用了六个,但是贴切而又生动。青青与郁郁,同是形容植物的生机畅茂,但青青重在色调,郁郁兼重意态,且二者互易不得。柳丝堆烟,方有郁郁之感,河边草色,伸展而去,是难成郁郁之态的,而如仅以青青状柳,亦不足尽其意态。盈盈、皎皎,都是写美人的风姿,而盈盈重在体态,皎皎重在风采,由盈盈而皎皎,才有如同明月从云层中步出那般由隐绰到不鲜的感觉,试先后互易一下,必会感到轻重失当。娥娥与纤纤同是写其容色,而娥娥是大体的赞美,纤纤是细部的刻划,如互易,又必格不顺。六个叠字无一不切,由外围而中心,由总体而局部,由朦胧而清晰,烘托刻画了楼上女尽善尽美的形象,这里当然有一定的提炼选择,然而又全是依诗人远望或者悬想的的过程逐次映现的。也许正是因为顺想象的层次自然展开,才更帮助了当时尚属草创的五言诗人词汇用得如此贴切,不见雕琢之痕,如凭空营构来位置词藻,效果未必会如此好。这就是所谓“秀才说家常话”。
六个叠字的音调也富于自然美,变化美。青青是平声,郁郁是仄声,盈盈又是平声,浊音,皎皎则又为仄声,清音;娥娥,纤纤同为平声,而一浊一清,平仄与清浊之映衬错综,形成一片宫商,谐和动听。当时声律尚未发现,诗人只是依直觉发出了天籁之音,无怪乎钟嵘《诗品》要说“蜂腰鹤膝,闾里已具”了。这种出于自然的调声,使全诗音节在流利起伏中仍有一种古朴的韵味,细辨之,自可见与后来律调的区别。
六个叠词声、形、两方面的结合,在叠词的单调中赋予了一种丰富的错落变化。这单调中的变化,正入神地传达出了女主人公孤独而耀目的形象,寂寞而烦扰的心声。
无须说,这位诗人不会懂得个性化、典型化之类的美学原理,但深情的远望或悬想,情之所钟,使他恰恰写出了女主人公的个性与典型意义。这是一位倡女,长年的歌笑生涯,对音乐的敏感,使她特别易于受到阳春美景中色彩与音响的撩拔、激动。她不是王昌龄《闺怨》诗中那位不知愁的天真的贵族少女。她凝妆上楼,一开始就是因为怕迟来的幸福重又失去,而去痴痴地盼望行人,她娥娥红当也不是为与春色争美,而只是为了伊人,痴想着他一回来,就能见到她最美的容姿。因此她一出场就笼罩在一片草色凄凄,垂柳郁郁的哀怨气氛中。她受苦太深,希望太切,失望也因而太沉重,心灵的重压,使她迸发出“空床难独守”这一无声却又是赤裸裸的情热的呐喊。这不是“悔教夫婿觅封候”式的精致的委婉,而只是,也只能是倡家女的坦露。也唯因其几近无告的孤苦呐喊,才与其明艳的丽质,形成极强烈的对比,具有震撼人心的力量。诗人在自然真率的描摹中,显示了从良倡家女的个性,也通过她使读者看到在游宦成风而希望渺茫的汉末,一代中下层妇女的悲剧命运--虽然这种个性化的典型性,在诗人握笔之际,根本不会想到。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:古诗十九首《青青河畔草》赏析

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  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000338s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000515s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000254s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000345s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000307s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000254s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000335s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000211s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000404s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12257 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000315s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000365s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000237s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 280 WHERE `id` = 12257 [ RunTime:0.001623s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000236s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000258s ]
0.077119s