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李贺《致酒行》鉴赏
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:250
  致酒行
李贺
零落栖迟一杯酒, 主人奉觞客长寿。
主父西游困不归, 家人折断门前柳。
吾闻马周昔作新丰客, 天荒地老无人识。
空将笺上两行书, 直犯龙颜请恩泽。
我有迷魂招不得, 雄鸡一声天下白。
少年心事当拿云, 谁念幽寒坐呜呃。
元和初,李贺带着刚刚踏进社会的少年热情,满怀希望打算迎接进士科考试。不料竟以避父“晋肃”名讳为理由,被剥夺了考试资格。这意外打击使诗人终生坎?。不平则鸣,从此“怀才不遇”成了他作品中的一个重要主题,他的诗也因而带有一种哀愤的特色。但这首困居异乡感遇的《致酒行》,音情高亢,表现明快,别具一格。
“致酒行”即劝酒致词之歌。诗分三层,每层四句。
从开篇到“家人折断门前柳”四句一韵,为第一层,写劝酒场面。先总说一句,“零落栖迟”(潦倒游息)与“一杯酒”连缀,略示以酒解愁之意。不从主人祝酒写起,而从客方(即诗人自己)对酒兴怀落笔,突出了客方悲苦愤激的情怀,使诗一开篇就具“浩荡感激”的特色。接着,诗境从“一杯酒”而转入主人持酒相劝的场面。他首先祝客人身体健康。“客长寿”三字有丰富潜台词:忧能伤人,折人之寿,而“留得青山在,不怕没柴烧”啊!七字画出两人的形象,一个是穷途落魄的客人,一个是心地善良的主人。紧接着,似乎应继续写主人的致词了。但诗笔就此带住,以下两句作穿插,再申“零落栖迟”之意,命意婉曲。“主父西游困不归”,是说汉武帝时主父偃的故事。
主父偃西入关,郁郁不得志,资用匮乏,屡遭白眼(见《汉书·主父偃传》)。作者以之自比,“困不归”中寓无限辛酸之情。古人多因柳树而念别。“家人折断门前柳”,通过家人的望眼欲穿,写出自己的久羁异乡之苦,这是从对面落墨。引古自喻与对面落墨同时运用,都使诗情曲折生动有味。经此二句顿宕,再继续写主人致词,诗情就更为摇曳多姿了。
“吾闻马周昔作新丰客”到“直犯龙颜请恩泽”是第二层,为主人致酒之词。“吾闻”二字领起,是对话的标志;同时通过换韵,与上段划分开来。这几句主人的开导写得很有意味,他抓住上进心切的少年心理,甚至似乎看穿诗人引古自伤的心事,有针对性地讲了另一位古人一度受厄但终于否极泰来的奇遇:唐初名臣马周,年轻时受地方官吏侮辱,在去长安途中投宿新丰,逆旅主人待他比商贩还不如。其处境狼狈岂不比主父偃更甚?为了强调这一点,诗中用了“天荒地老无人识”的生奇夸张造语,那种抱荆山之玉而“无人识”的悲苦,以“天荒地老”四字来表达,可谓无理而极能尽情。马周一度困厄如此,以后却时来运转,因替他寄寓的主人、中郎将常何代笔写条陈,太宗大悦,予以破格提拔。“空将笺上两行书,直犯龙颜请恩泽”即言其事。主人的话到此为止,只称引古事,不加任何发挥。但这番语言很富于启发性。他说马周只凭“两行书”即得皇帝赏识,言外之意似是:政治出路不特一途,囊锥终有出头之日,科场受阻岂足悲观!事实上马周只是为太宗偶然发现,这里却说成“直犯龙颜请恩泽”,主动自荐,似乎又怂恿少年要敢于进取,创造成功的条件。这四句真是以古事对古事,话中有话,极尽循循善诱之意。
“我有迷魂招不得”至篇终为第三层,直抒胸臆作结。“听君一席话,胜读十年书”,主人的开导使“我”这个“有迷魂招不得”者,茅塞顿开。作者运用擅长的象征手法,以“雄鸡一声天下白”写主人的开导生出奇效,使自己心胸豁然开朗。这“雄鸡一声”是一鸣惊人,“天下白”的景象是多么光明璀璨!这一景象激起了诗人的豪情,于是末二句写道:少年正该壮志凌云,怎能一蹶不振!老是唉声叹气,那是谁也不会来怜惜你的。“谁念幽寒坐呜呃”,“幽寒坐呜呃”五字,语亦独造,形象地画出诗人自己“咽咽学楚吟,病骨伤幽素”(《伤心行》)的苦态。“谁念”句,同时也就是一种对旧我的批判。末二句音情激越,颇具兴发感动的力量,使全诗具有积极的思想色彩。
《致酒行》以抒情为主,却运用主客对白的方式,不作平直叙写。诗中涉及两个古人故事,却分属宾主,《李长吉歌诗汇解》引毛稚黄说:“主父、马周作两层叙,本俱引证,更作宾主详略,谁谓长吉不深于长篇之法耶?”这篇的妙处,还在于它有情节性,饶有兴味。另外,诗在铸词造句、辟境创调上往往避熟就生,如“零落栖迟”、“天荒地老”、“幽寒坐呜呃”尤其是“雄鸡一声”句等等,或语新,或意新,或境奇,都对表达诗情起到积极作用,堪称李长吉式的锦心绣口。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李贺《致酒行》鉴赏

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  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000399s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000544s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000363s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000510s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000284s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000483s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000307s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000331s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000334s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000327s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000347s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000315s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000423s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000246s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000613s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12280 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000399s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000541s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000309s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 251 WHERE `id` = 12280 [ RunTime:0.001678s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000316s ]
0.145970s