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杜甫《春夜喜雨》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:597
春夜喜雨

好雨知时节,当春乃发生。

随风潜入夜,润物细无声。

野径云俱黑,江船火独明。

 晓看红湿处,花重锦官城。 

题 解

杜甫诗集中有五十多首写雨的诗篇,以《喜雨》为题的,共四首,以这一首最为知名。

这首诗作于上元二年(761)春天,杜甫这时已经在成都草堂居住了两年。从上年的冬天到这年的二月间,成都一带发生了旱灾。经历过冬天的人,最懂得春天的温暖;经历过旱灾的人,最懂得雨的可贵。所以当春雨来临之际,杜甫欣喜非常,以久旱逢甘霖的心情,在诗中描绘了春夜雨景,讴歌了春雨滋润万物之功。

句解

好雨知时节,当春乃发生。 

多好的雨水啊,它似乎知道季节的来临,当春天万物萌生之际便应时而发生。“好”字统摄全篇。俗话说:“春雨贵如油”,当万物需要滋润时,它便来了,故谓“知时节”,也自然是“好雨”。诗人采用拟人化的写法,将春雨写得有情有知,善解人意,喜悦之情形于笔端。

随风潜入夜,润物细无声。 

它随着微风悄悄地在夜间飘落,柔情地滋润万物,细微得听不到一点响声。这两句用拟人化手法,在无声之处,将雨的连绵滋润之态写得十分传神,把雨好、人喜写得含蓄而又生动。诗句不用“洒”或“落”,而用“潜”字,十分恰切形象,准确传递了那种不知不觉的情境。清代仇兆鳌《杜诗详注》评价说:“雨骤风狂,亦足损物。曰潜曰细,写得脉脉绵绵,于造化发生之机,最为密切。”

野径云俱黑,江船火独明。 

看那四方郊野黑云密布,只有江中船上的渔火闪烁着一点光明。诗人又以开阔的夜景去描绘那听不见的细密春雨。前一句以乌云说明天阴雨长,正好满足了自然万物的需求。后一句与前一句形成对比,在无边的暗夜中跳出亮色调,色彩鲜明,富有画意。同时见出春天的雨势,虽然黑云密布,但并没有风雨飘摇之势所以船上人才会那般平和。“野径”,乡间小路,这里泛指四方郊野。

晓看红湿处,花重锦官城。 

等到天亮后,去看那被雨水滋润的红花丛,经雨而湿重的鲜花定会开满锦官城。这一联由雨夜想象天晴,花儿饱含雨水的感觉,如在目前,花枝经受不起花朵份量的情状,也呈现出来。说明这雨整整下了一夜,已经下透了。诗人的想象,极大地拓展了诗的情感与思维空间,使得诗意更深一层,喜悦之情也不言自明。“红湿”,雨后的花丛,红润一片。“花重”,花朵经雨而湿重,一说色泽浓艳。明代谭元春在《唐诗归》评价:“‘红湿’字已妙于说雨矣。‘重’字尤妙,不湿不重。”“锦官城”。即成都。

评解

平常之景最为难写,能写难状之景如在目前,且如此真切入微,令人如临其境,只有大诗人能够做到。这是一首五律。前两联用流水对,把春雨的神韵一气写下,末联写一种骤然回首的惊喜,格律严谨而浑然一体。诗人是按先“倾耳听雨”、再“举首望雨”、后“闭目想象”的过程和角度,去表现春夜好雨的。诗从听觉写至视觉,乃至心理感觉,从当夜想到清晨,结构严谨,描写细腻;语言锤炼精工;巧妙地运用了拟人、对比等具有较强表现力的艺术手法。诗中句句绘景,句句写情,不用喜悦欢愉之类词汇,却处处透露出喜悦的气息、明快的情调。《瀛奎律髓汇评》引纪昀语:“此是名篇,通体精妙,后半尤有神。”

在择韵上,诗人以韵就情,他选择的“庚”韵,是后鼻韵母,其发音过程较长,客观上拖慢了整首诗涵咏的时间和语调,这恰恰宜于表达诗中喜悦而不冲动、醇厚而不奔放的绵长细腻的情感。



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  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000322s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000305s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000476s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000230s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000632s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12419 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000355s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000499s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000298s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 598 WHERE `id` = 12419 [ RunTime:0.001668s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000291s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000313s ]
0.105780s