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明成祖迁都北京
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-22 点击数:201
朱棣在南京做皇帝,一刻也没有忘记他的军事与政治根据地北平。当年,他就改北平为北京,作为陪都,并着手迁都北京的工作。

北京在辽和金代都做过都城,元代称为大都,更成为全国的政治文化中心。虽然在元朝末年,北京城市受到严重破坏,经济凋敝,人口减少,但是北京在政治、军事上的重要性却更突出了。当时,威胁明朝安全的主要力量,仍然来自退守到关外的元朝残余势力,他们一直想打回北京,复辟元朝。将明朝的京城迁到北京,将能更有效地组织力量,抵抗元朝残余势力的侵犯。明成祖就曾多次从北京出发,征讨瓦剌等蒙古贵族。

明成祖在北京镇守过二十多年,既熟悉那里的一切,又有盘根错节的势力和深厚的感情,建都北京,自然更能巩固他的统治。

早在永乐元年以后,明成祖就多次命令将江苏、浙江、山西等九省大批富足的居民迁到北京;又在昌平营建他的陵墓。

公元1416年,他命令文武大臣讨论营建北京城的方案。第二年,任命泰宁侯陈为营建北京的总指挥,前后从全国各地招来二十多万工匠,上百万的民,还有难以计数的军队。建城所需材料来自全国各地。百年以上的珍贵木材,是从湖广、四川、贵州等地采伐,经过千山万水运送到北京的;城砖与墙砖,则在山东日夜烧制;宫内铺地的“金砖”(大方砖),则烧制于苏州。

营建北京,主要是建设宫城(紫禁城)和皇城(包括祭坛和官署)。明代的紫禁城建在元代皇宫大内的旧址,但略向南移,南北方向上则扩大了许多,长九百六十米,东西宽七百六十米。周围城墙高十多米,在东西南北的正中分别有东华、西华、午、神武四座城门。午门南面是皇城的南门,称承天门,就是今天的天安门。皇城外有宽五十二米的护城河。紫禁城中的宫殿分前后朝。前朝(外朝)有皇极、中极、建极三大殿,后朝有乾清宫、交泰殿、保宁宫三大殿。六座大殿都位于全城的中轴线上,布局非常严整。

营建北京的工程中,明成祖重用了一个能工巧匠蒯(kuǎi)祥。蒯祥是苏州人,出身于木工世家。他父亲主持过南京城宫殿木工活的制作。蒯祥也学得一手好手艺,建房造屋,估计尺寸,量度长短,布置间架结构,与设计不差分毫。他还精通泥、石、漆、竹等手艺。据说,他能够双手各拿一支笔,同时画两条龙。画成后,两条龙龙身可以完全重合在一起。

蒯祥隶属于工部管辖。紫禁城开始修建后,他被明成祖召到北京,担任“营缮所丞”(负责工程的设计与施工)。紫禁城的布局,多出于他的巧妙设计。他还常常解决一些技术难题。据说,有一次,一个木工锯皇极殿宫门门槛时,不小心将木料锯短了一尺。这根木料是缅甸进贡的珍贵巨木,这个工匠立即面临杀身之祸,吓得没了主意。蒯祥来看后,端详了一会,说:“没有关系,可以补救。”他让闯了祸的木工将木料的另一头也锯短一尺。那木工却不敢下手。蒯祥便接过锯来就锯。锯完,按尺寸另外雕刻了两个口中含珠的龙头,用活动头装到锯短了的门槛上。再把门槛安装到门上,尺寸完全吻合,而且便于拆卸。这种装置,被称为“金刚腿”。

还有一次,宫殿上梁时,一端的头怎么也投不准,在场的工匠毫无办法,又请蒯祥来解决。他爬到梁上,看准位置,猛一斧头,两根梁木就服服帖帖地吻合到一起了。蒯祥因此被人称为“蒯鲁班”。他后来做到工部尚书(负责建筑、制作的最高长官)。直到明天顺年间,明朝宫廷内的所有营缮、建筑,都还由他负责。

经过多年的修建,北京宫城与皇城终于基本建成。明成祖于公元1420年,正式将京城迁往北京。原京城应天府,改为南京,作为副都。

明成祖在北京,还让他的大臣姚广孝为他建造了两口青铜巨钟。人们推测,这是因为明成祖在“靖难”之役中屠杀过的人太多,心里恐惧,而希望建造这样两座充满法力的大钟,来保佑他的心灵的平安。这两座大钟,现在还剩一口,重四百多公斤,高七米,外径三米三,上面铸满二十多万字的经文,成了北京的传世珍宝。



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  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000370s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000792s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000321s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000315s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000289s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000429s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000226s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000555s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 14753 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000350s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000517s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000286s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 202 WHERE `id` = 14753 [ RunTime:0.001697s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 103 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000299s ]
0.106558s