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朱熹集理学之大成
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-22 点击数:196
公元1162年五月,没有皇子的宋高宗,立太祖赵匡胤的后裔赵玮为太子,并改名眘(shèn)。六月,高宗宣布退位,做太上皇去了,太子赵玮即位,这就是宋孝宗。

宋孝宗即位后,也想整顿朝纲,抗击金兵,收复大宋疆土,因此一度出现了较好的局面。他即位后不久就下诏书,要大臣们对朝廷政治提意见。曾任泉州同安(今福建厦门东北)主簿的朱熹立即写了奏章。在奏章中他指出,与金人“不作战不能复仇,不守住国土不能确保胜利”;甚至提出,和议有百害而无一利。他还劝孝宗要“正心诚意”,多学知识,管好国家。

朱熹是南宋时着名的哲学家、教育家,徽州婺源(今属江西)人,公元1148年的进士。朱熹从小就很聪明,有悟性。在他刚学说话的年龄,有一天,他父亲朱松手指着天空教他说:“天。”朱熹仰头看看天,眨巴着眼睛竟问他父亲道:“天的上面是什么东西呀?”朱松又惊又喜,于是便教他读书。朱熹学习很努力,熟读经史,受到老师的赞赏,称他是一个不可多得的人才。

公元1163年,朱熹被朝廷授予武学博士一职,两年后到临安上任。但那时宋军在符离(今江苏宿州东北)大败,宋金签订了“隆兴和议”;而宋孝宗依仗为抗金“长城”的大臣张浚,也病死了,朝中主和派又占了上风。主张抗金的朱熹受不了这样的环境,不多久便辞职回家。十多年后,他已经四十九岁时,才又到南康军(治所在今江西星子)主持政务。

任职期间,朱熹修复了庐山五老峰下的白鹿洞书院,并亲自为学生讲课。那时,他的学说正是发展成熟时期,影响很大,因此吸引了各地的读书人,他们纷纷来到白鹿洞书院求学。白鹿洞书院一时间也声名远扬,成了和石鼓、应天、岳麓齐名的宋代“四大书院”。

朱熹在学术上最大的成就,是发展了北宋哲学家程颢(hào)、程颐兄弟关于“理气”的学说,集理学之大成,建立了一个完整的理学体系。

自从汉武帝推行“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”以后,儒家学说便成了中国古代思想文化的主流。为了适应各个不同时期封建统治的需要,儒家所提倡的学说又有所不同。宋代的儒学着重阐释天道义理,所以叫理学,也称道学。它是新儒学,是儒学发展史上最大的学派和思想体系。

理学的先驱是北宋早期的哲学家周敦颐,奠基者是程颢、程颐。兄弟俩都是周敦颐的学生,世称二程。他们长期在原籍洛阳讲学,建立了以“天理”为核心的唯心主义理学体系。他们以“理”为最高范畴,主张“天下只有一个理”,认为“天理”是独立存在的精神实体,产生万物,主宰万物,“顺之者昌,逆之则难”;他们还提出了“存天理,灭人欲”这一着名的理学原则。当时曾有人问:如果寡妇家庭贫穷,能不能改嫁?他们回答说:“饿死事极小,失节事极大。”

朱熹是二程的四传弟子,他继承并发扬了二程的学说,他们的学说被世人称为“程朱理学”。朱熹继承并发展了二程的“理”、“气”学说,主张理、气相依而不能相离,“天地之间,有理有气。”理是生物的根本,气是生物的形态。但“理在先,气在后”,“理生气”,“有理便有气,流行发育万物。”这就是朱熹理学的哲学本体论。

朱熹的理学也具有辩证法思想,他提出“凡事无不相反以相成”,天下事物都是“一分为二”的,都有相对应或对立的一面。这些对应、对立的方面是相互转化、相互联系的。朱熹还继承了二程的主张,坚持“天理”和“人欲”的对立,提倡“存天理,灭人欲”,把人的自我完善放在最重要的地位。

公元1190年,宋光宗即位,朱熹被授以漳州(在今福建)知府一职。三年后,他又调到潭州(今湖南长沙)当知府。在潭州,他又重建了四大书院之一的岳麓书院,引来众多的学子前来求学。公元1195年,宋宁宗即位,朱熹被宰相赵汝愚推荐为焕章阁侍讲。但赵汝愚是太宗赵匡义的后代,宁宗是太祖的后人,因此他不久就引起了宁宗的猜忌,被贬为福州知府。朱熹等人也受到株连,他不仅被罢官,连他的理学也被定为是“伪学”,他的学生被称为“伪党”。这就是历史上的“庆元党禁”。

公元1200年,七十一岁的朱熹因病去世。他去世后,党禁渐渐放松,他的学说也渐渐受到重视。到元代时,科举考试要采用他的《四书集注》;而明清两代则把他的学说提到儒学正宗的地位,成为中国封建社会后期的统治思想。日本在江户时代,也流行他的“朱子学”,可见,他的学说的影响是巨大而深远的。

朱熹的重要着作有《四书集注》、《诗集传》、《楚辞集注》、《易本义》、《通鉴纲目》等,后人偏有《朱子语类》和《朱子大全》。



有才子曰:朱熹集理学之大成

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.002782s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.003583s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000327s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000471s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000449s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.004489s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000326s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000313s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000315s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000322s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000401s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000555s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 14758 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000369s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000458s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000273s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 197 WHERE `id` = 14758 [ RunTime:0.001845s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 103 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000301s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000309s ]
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