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载人航天进入多极化时代 新兴力量世界瞩目
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-12 点击数:229
“地球是人类的摇篮。人类绝不会永远躺在这个摇篮里,而会不断探索新的天体和空间。人类首先将小心翼翼地穿过大气层,然后再去征服太阳系空间。”——宇航之父:齐奥科夫斯基(俄罗斯)

“神舟”五号的发射成功和“神舟”六号的即将发射,显然已将原来的美苏两极格局打破,载人航天也由此进入了多极化时代,有专家向记者如是表示。实际上,“除中国外,欧空局(欧洲空间局)、日本、印度等也都在积极谋求载人航天发展,并已有所作为”,中国国防科技信息中心副研究员陈有荣告诉记者,“新兴航天力量不容忽视”。

“神五”,将中国推进载人航天大国之列

“‘神五’的成功发射后,中国成为了世界上可以独立发展载人航天技术的第三个国家,”北京航空航天大学宇航学院副院长黄海教授如是说。

2003年10月,中国首个载人飞船“神舟”五号发射成功,中国成为世界上继美苏之后第三个实现载人航天的国家。相关专家向记者表示,中国载人航天虽然起步较晚,但一开始就站在了高起点上,并不是从“加加林”时代的飞船起步,也没有进行亚轨道飞船试验,实现了跨越式发展,中国的载人飞船技术在“神舟”五号上已经达到国际第三代载人飞船的水平。

在谈到发射“神舟”五号的意义时,美国知名航天政策分析专家约翰·派克向媒体指出,中国作为第一个亚洲国家和第一个发展中国家完成载人航天,不仅显示了中国的国家实力,从而也使中国成为美俄之外的第三股载人航天力量,而这显然将改变该领域国际竞争合作的格局。

今年10月中旬,载2~3人的“神舟”六号发射在即,世人的目光无疑将又一次地投向中国。而不久后的将来,中国在载人航天方面还要走得更远。中国政府早在2000年11月发表的《中国的航天》白皮书就确定了中国若干年航天发展的方向:分三步建立中国的载人航天体系。走完了载人飞行的第一步后,中国将进入载人航天第二步,即空间实验室工程,第三步则是通过研制更经济可靠的运输工具,研制和发射空间站。

欧洲、印度、日本,载人航天正在准备

“欧洲、印度、日本等新兴航天力量也有意在载人航天领域一显身手,”陈有荣说。

上个世纪80年代中期,西欧航天技术的发展开始转向以载人航天为重点,并继续通过国际合作,逐步建立自主的载人航天体系。预计,在2010年后有可能研制成功成本低、效能高的第二代天地往返运输系统。

2004年2月3日,欧洲航天局(ESA)也正式宣布了先载人登上月球、再载人飞火星的“曙光女神”火星探测计划,这似乎是在同美国同年1月宣布的火星探测计划公开竞争,陈有荣表示。根据“曙光女神”火星探测计划,欧洲将在2011年发射一个火星探测器,采撷半公斤的火星岩石回地球进行分析;在2020年到2025年实现载人登月;在2030年到2035年间发射载人火星探测器,实现欧洲航天员登上这颗红色星球的梦想,寻找生命的迹象。这份计划比美国庞大的“空间探索新计划”更为细致,美国的计划仅仅提出了在2020年之前重返月球以及在2030年左右登陆火星的宽泛目标,而据“曙光女神”计划的主任弗朗克·奥加罗说,为了实施欧洲这一雄心勃勃的火星探测计划,ESA已经制定了“路线图”。

就在中国的“神舟”五号着陆的第二天,印度总理瓦杰帕伊就敦促本国科学家力争用自己的航天器把人送上月球。

另外,日本参与了国际空间站的建造,负责研制一个日本实验舱。目前,日本宇宙事业开发团已经完成了实验舱大部分初期研究及研制工作,而这些工作为的是日本能够研制出自己独立发射的载人航天器。与此同时,日本媒体报道中称,东京计划到2020年把第一艘本国制造的载人飞船送上月球。



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  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000337s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000211s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000403s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 16181 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000296s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000349s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 230 WHERE `id` = 16181 [ RunTime:0.001819s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 103 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000279s ]
0.074306s