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《宣州开元寺南楼》可惜和风夜来雨,醉中虚度打窗声
作者:杜牧 发布日期:2022-08-09 点击数:3661

 

宣州开元寺南楼
杜牧 〔唐代〕


小楼才受一床横,终日看山酒满倾。
可惜和风夜来雨,醉中虚度打窗声。




《宣州开元寺南楼》是唐代诗人杜牧创作的一首七言绝句。这首诗第一句写南楼,说南楼很小。第二句写自己整日在南楼喝酒,看风景。第三句写楼外风景,点明季节。第四句写诗人酒喝多了,没办法欣赏自然美景了。这首诗借景抒怀,给人以低回、惆怅之感,但又据实写景,轻快流畅。

注释译文
词句注释


⑴宣州开元寺:在宣城北陵阳三峰上,寺始建于晋,初名永安寺,唐初改名大元寺,开元年间改名开元寺,宋景德年间改名景德寺,明正统年间复开元之名,当时寺庙规模宏大,香火旺盛,清光绪县志记载:“今之东城内,自街以北,当日半属寺基。”
⑵南楼:开元寺有东楼、水阁与南楼,南楼狭小。
⑶床:供人睡卧的用具。《诗经·小雅·斯干》:“乃生男子,载寝之床。”古代亦指坐榻。
⑷倾:倒坍,倾覆。这里说将全部倒出。
⑸和:连同,伴随。 

白话译文

小楼只能放下一张床,但我整天在这里把酒看山,自得其乐。
可惜的是夜里的风连同着雨一起来,喝醉了,只能听着雨打窗声,虚度时光。

创作背景

唐开成二年(837年),杜牧应宣歙观察使崔郸之辟,再次赴宣州为团练判官。这是杜牧第二次来宣州,八年前沈传诗任宣歙观察使时,杜牧曾在沈的幕下任职,杜牧少年科第,又是高门世族的才子,素怀壮志。唐穆宗长庆二年(822年),杜牧20岁时,已经博通经史,尤专注于治乱与军事。23岁写《阿房宫赋》。唐文宗大和二年(828年),26岁进土及第。同年又考中贤良方正直言极谏科。授弘文馆校书郎、试左武卫兵曹参军。宣城的胜迹,杜牧最钟情的是开元寺。诗人在开元寺题咏竟达八次之多。第二次来宣州已是开成三年(838年),已经年近不惑,登上开元寺南楼时有感而发写下了这首诗。

作品赏析
整体赏析


全诗借景抒怀,表达自已才志难酬的苦涩心情。
开头第一句“小楼才受一床横”,是写南楼地方狭小,仅仅只容得下一“坐榻”。床,本来是供人睡卧的用具。古代亦指坐榻。这里是“坐榻”之意。这一句是实写,但喻意较深,他是说自己处也走向一个狭窄的空间。来宣州两次的变化,如他自己所说:“我初到此未三十,头脑钐利筋骨轻”“重游鬓白子皆改,唯见东流春水平。”
第二句“终日看山酒满倾”,尽管这样,我还是想倾尽自己的满腹经伦想为国家做一些事。但作者不明说,而是借景设喻。因为开元寺的东边有宛溪流过,北面有风景秀丽优美的敬亭山,诗人坐在坐榻上终日看山,而且饮酒,饮酒时斟满、喝干,斟满、喝干,是“酒满倾”,而且终日看山。为什么要看山,敬亭山,谢脁在此高歌,李白在此吟唱,敬亭山像一面巨大的翠色屏风,展开在开元寺的北面,飞鸟出没,宛溪两岸,百姓临河夹居,人欢人歌,这人文圣地、自然美景,怎么也看不够,但随着岁月一起流逝,云烟己过,眼掺合着水声,他感慨岁月、烟华无法让人生永驻,有一种淡淡的悲凉。
第三句“可惜和风夜来雨”,“和风”,春季的微风,点明时间,也喻指有一时的机遇,因为这是作者应宣歙观察使崔郸之辟,再次赴宣州为团练判官。“夜来雨”,春天的一种“润物细无声”的好雨。诗中又突然出现一种明丽、爽朗的景象,这“和风、夜来雨”是好啊,但很“可惜”,为什么说“可惜”,诗进入的主旨。
第四收尾句“醉中虚度打窗声”,回答了上面的问题。诗人酒喝多了,喝醉了,以至到了夜间,和风带着雨点敲打着窗户,但朦朦胧胧的诗人,没有办法欣赏着这自然美景,只是虚度而己。这句既形象,又深刻。也寓意自己无法实现自己的聪明才智和抱负。也反映诗人在人生态度上的消极与低沉。
综观全诗,在写法上,借景抒怀,给人以低回、惆怅之感,但又据实写景,轻快流畅。诗中以拗峭与健爽互相交映,体现出了杜牧诗歌的明快、深寓的特色。 

名家点评

清·全祖望《鲒绮亭集外编》:“杜牧之才气其唐长庆以后第一人耶!”

作者简介

杜牧(803~853年),唐代诗人。字牧之,京兆万年(今陕西西安)人,宰相杜佑之孙。太和二年(828年)进士,曾为江西观察使、宣歙观察使沈传师和淮南节度使牛僧孺的幕僚,历任监察御史,黄州、池州、睦州刺史,后入为司勋员外郎,官终中书舍人。以济世之才自负。诗文中多指陈时政之作。写景抒情的小诗,多清丽生动。人谓之小杜,和李商隐合称“小李杜”,以别于李白与杜甫。有《樊川文集》二十卷传世。

 



有才子曰:《宣州开元寺南楼》可惜和风夜来雨,醉中虚度打窗声

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  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000883s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.002199s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000954s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.001308s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001245s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.001304s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001149s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000868s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.002475s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000990s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000958s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000894s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001874s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000697s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.001348s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 520 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000831s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001885s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001007s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 3662 WHERE `id` = 520 [ RunTime:0.002183s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 79 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000818s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000870s ]
0.157671s