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雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人什么意思
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:223
  雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人什么意思?

  树上黄叶在雨中纷纷飘零,犹如灯下白发老人的命运。

  《喜外弟卢纶见宿》

  司空曙

  静夜四无邻, 荒居旧业贫。

  雨中黄叶树, 灯下白头人。

  以我独沉久, 愧君相见频。

  平生自有分, 况是蔡家亲。

  赏析

  司空曙和卢纶都在大历十才子之列,诗歌工力相匹,又是表兄弟。从这首诗,尤其是末联“平生自有分(情谊),况是蔡家亲(羊祜为蔡邕外孙,因称表亲为蔡家亲)”,可以看见他俩的亲密关系和真挚情谊;而且可以感受到作者生活境遇的悲凉。据《唐才子传》卷四载,司空曙“磊落有奇才”,但因为“性耿介,不干权要”,所以落得宦途坎坷,家境清寒。这首诗正是作者这种境遇的写照。

  前四句描写静夜里的荒村,陋室内的贫士,寒雨中的黄叶,昏灯下的白发,通过这些,构成一个完整的生活画面。这画面充满着辛酸和悲哀。后四句直揭诗题,写表弟卢纶来访见宿,在悲凉之中见到知心亲友,因而喜出望外。近人俞陛云《诗境浅说》说,这首诗“前半首写独处之悲,后言相逢之喜,反正相生,为律诗一格”。从章法上看,确是如此。前半首和后半首,一悲一喜,悲喜交感,总的倾向是统一于悲。后四句虽然写“喜”,却隐约透露出“悲”:“愧君相见频”中的一个“愧”字,就表现了悲凉的心情。因之,题中虽着“喜”字,背后却有“悲”的滋味。一正一反,互相生发,互相映衬,使所要表现的主旨更深化了,更突出了。这就是“反正相生”手法的艺术效果。

  比兴兼用,也是这首诗重要的艺术手法。“雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人”,不是单纯的比喻,而是进一步利用作比的形象来烘托气氛,特别富有诗味,成了著名的警句。用树之落叶来比喻人之衰老,是颇为贴切的。树叶在秋风中飘落,和人的风烛残年正相类似,相似点在衰飒。这里,树作为环境中的景物,起了气氛烘托的作用,类似起兴。自从宋玉《九辩》提出“悲哉秋之为气也,萧瑟兮草木摇落而变衰”,秋风落叶,常常被用以塑造悲的气氛,“黄叶树”自然也烘托了悲的情绪。比兴兼用,所以特别富有艺术感染力。明谢榛《四溟诗话》卷一云:“韦苏州曰:‘窗里人将老,门前树已秋。’白乐天曰:‘树初黄叶日,人欲白头时。’司空曙曰:‘雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人。’三诗同一机杼,司空为优:‘善状目前之景,无限凄感,见乎言表。’”其实,三诗之妙,不只是善于状景物,而且还善于设喻。司空曙此诗颔联之所以“为优”,在于比韦应物、白居易诗多了雨景和昏灯这两层意思,虽然这两层并无“比”的作用,却大大加强了悲凉的气氛。高步瀛《唐宋诗举要》说:“‘雨中’‘灯下’虽与王摩诘相犯,而意境各自不同,正不为病。”王唯《秋夜独坐》:“雨中山果落,灯下草虫鸣。”这两句纯属白描,是赋体,并不兼比;不仅意境不同,手法亦自有别。马戴《灞上秋居》:“落叶他乡树,寒灯独夜人。”语虽近似司空曙,但手法也并不一样,这里只写灞上秋居漂泊异乡孤独寂寞的情景,不曾以树喻人,没有比的意思。司空曙“雨中”、“灯下”两句之妙,就在于运用了兴而兼比的艺术手法。

  “雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人。”树叶黄时一定是深秋时节了,雨也自然是秋雨。秋雨淅淅沥沥,树上的黄叶本就满含凄凉,如今更浸润在无限寒意之中,想来一定是自外寒彻骨了。窗外冷雨敲窗,窗下寒灯独对,白发之人当作何思量,想来也自不必言明,只无论如何心中会有几分悲凉的。尽管司空曙将此诗题为《喜外弟卢纶见宿》,但每每读来,总有几分悲戚之意从诗里迎面扑来。的确,“静夜四无邻,荒居旧业贫”,这样静寂荒凉的场景远不是亲人相见的欢喜就能改变的。相见欢只是暂得的片刻的欢快,心中固有的悲凉才是根深蒂固的啊!

  诗人就是诗人,总能在不经意间说出我等常人心中或有感但却难以诉诸言语的情绪。欢快的自不必说,尤其是那些悲凉意味浓重的,常常就会引得多情之人悲意连连。

  译文

  宁静的夜晚,我独居一处,庭院的四周没有人家,由于穷困潦倒家业衰落,我生活清贫。凄风苦雨之中,老树上枯黄的树叶随风飘零,孤灯微光之下,一位历经沧桑的老人已白发斑斑。长期以来我独居陋室,孤苦无依,是一个凄寂沉沦的人,烦劳你殷勤探望,让我惭愧万分。然而我们两人原是故交,平生的情谊自有缘分,更何况你我两家还是表亲。



有才子曰:诗词赏析大全:雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人什么意思

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  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000353s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000525s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000293s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000380s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000427s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000276s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000314s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000208s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000413s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 5474 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000321s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000366s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000242s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 224 WHERE `id` = 5474 [ RunTime:0.001580s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000256s ]
0.074221s