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自去自来梁上燕,相亲相近水中鸥
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:238
  自去自来梁上燕,相亲相近水中鸥什么意思?

  梁上的燕子自由自在地飞来飞去,水中的鸥鸟互相追逐嬉戏,亲亲热热。

  《江村》

  杜甫

  清江一曲抱村流, 长夏江村事事幽。

  自去自来梁上燕, 相亲相近水中鸥。

  老妻画纸为棋局, 稚子敲针作钓钩。

  但有故人供禄米, 微躯此外更何求?

  赏析

  这首诗写于唐肃宗上元元年(760)。在几个月之前,诗人经过四年的流亡生活,从同州经由绵州,来到了这不曾遭到战乱骚扰的、暂时还保持安静的西南富庶之乡成都郊外浣花溪畔。他依靠亲友故旧的资助而辛苦经营的草堂已经初具规模;饱经离乡背井的苦楚、备尝颠沛流离的艰虞的诗人,终于获得了一个暂时安居的栖身之所。时值初夏,浣花溪畔,江流曲折,水木清华,一派恬静幽雅的田园景象。诗人拈来《江村》诗题,放笔咏怀,愉悦之情是可以想见的。

  本诗首联第二句“事事幽”三字,是全诗关紧的话,提挈一篇旨意。中间四句,紧紧贴住“事事幽”,一路叙下。梁间燕子,时来时去,自由而自在;江上白鸥,忽远忽近,相伴而相随。从诗人眼里看来,燕子也罢,鸥鸟也罢,都有一种忘机不疑、乐群适性的意趣。物情如此幽静,人事的幽趣尤其使诗人惬心快意:老妻画纸为棋局的痴情憨态,望而可亲;稚子敲针作钓钩的天真无邪,弥觉可爱。棋局最宜消夏,清江正好垂钓,村居乐事,件件如意。经历长期离乱之后,重新获得家室儿女之乐,诗人怎么不感到欣喜和满足呢?结句“但有故人供禄米,微躯此外更何求”,虽然表面上是喜幸之词,而骨子里正包藏着不少悲苦之情。曰“但有”,就不能保证必有;曰“更何求”,正说明已有所求。杜甫确实没有忘记,自己眼前优游闲适的生活,是建筑在“故人供禄米”的基础之上的。这是一个十分敏感的压痛点。一旦分禄赐米发生了问题,一切就都谈不到了。所以,我们无妨说,这结末两句,与其说是幸词,倒毋宁说是苦情。艰窭贫困、依人为活的一代诗宗,在暂得栖息,甫能安居的同时,便吐露这样悲酸的话语,实在是对封建统治阶级摧残人才的强烈控诉。

  中联四句,从物态人情方面,写足了江村幽事,然后,在结句上,用“此外更何求”一句,关合“事事幽”,收足了一篇主题,最为简净,最为稳当。

  《江村》一诗,在艺术处理上,也有独特之处。

  一是复字不犯复。此诗首联的两句中,“江”字、“村”字皆两见。照一般做律诗的规矩,颔、颈两联同一联中忌有复字,首尾两联散行的句子,要求虽不那么严格,但也应该尽可能避复字。现在用一对复字,就有一种轻快俊逸的感觉,并不觉得是犯复了。这情况,很象律句中的拗救,拗句就要用拗句来救正,复字也要用复字来弥补。况且,第二句又安下了另外两个叠字“事事”,这样一来,头两句诗在读起来的时候,就完全没有枝撑之感了。

  二是全诗前后啮合,照应紧凑。“梁上燕”属“村”,“水中鸥”属“江”;“棋局”正顶“长夏”,“钓钩”又暗寓“清江”。颔联“自去自来梁上燕,相亲相近水中鸥”, 两“自”字,两“相”字,当句自对;“去”“来”与“亲”“近”又上下句为对。自对而又互对,读起来轻快流荡。颈联的“画”字、“敲”字,字皆现成。且两句皆用朴直的语气,最能表达夫妻投老,相敬弥笃,稚子痴顽,不隔贤愚的意境。

  三是结句,忽转凄婉,很有杜甫咏怀诗的特色。杜甫有两句诗自道其做诗的甘苦,说是“愁极本凭诗遣兴,诗成吟咏转凄凉”(《至后》)。此诗本是写闲适心境,但他写着写着,最后结末的地方,也不免吐露落寞不欢之情,使人有怅怅之感。杜甫很多登临即兴感怀的诗篇,几乎都是如此。前人谓杜诗“沉郁”,其契机恐怕就在此处。

  译文

  清澈的江水曲折地绕村流过,长长的夏日里,村中的一切都显得幽雅。梁上的燕子自由自在地飞来飞去,水中的鸥鸟互相追逐嬉戏,亲亲热热。妻子在纸上画着棋盘,小儿敲针作鱼钩。我老了,多病的身体需要的只是治病的药物,除此之外,还有别的什么奢求呢?



有才子曰:诗词大全:自去自来梁上燕,相亲相近水中鸥

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  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000351s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000248s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000334s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000300s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000270s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000247s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000363s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000211s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000422s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 5492 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000310s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000362s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000234s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 239 WHERE `id` = 5492 [ RunTime:0.001599s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000236s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000269s ]
0.074239s