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不才明主弃,多病故人疏
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:231
  不才明主弃,多病故人疏的意思

  由于自己没有真才实学,因此,圣明的君主就不重用我,因为自己体弱多病,旧时的好友,也逐渐疏远我了。

  《岁暮归南山》

  孟浩然

  北阙休上书,南山归敝庐。

  不才明主弃,多病故人疏。

  白发催年老,青阳逼岁除。

  永怀愁不寐,松月夜窗虚。

  【赏析】

  《岁暮归南山》是唐代诗人孟浩然的诗作。此诗系诗人归隐之作,诗中发泄了一种怨悱之情。首联两句记事,叙述停止追求仕进,归隐南山;颔联两句说理,抒发怀才不遇的感慨;颈联两句写景,自叹虚度年华,壮志难酬;尾联两句阐发愁寂空虚之情。全诗语言丰富,层层辗转反复,风格悠远深厚,韵味无穷。

  唐玄宗开元年间,四十岁的孟浩然第一次来到京都长安,结识了当时许多著名的诗人,如张九龄、王维等。张九龄是当朝宰相,王维也是朝廷命官。孟浩然参加了进士考试,并在当时全国最高学府“太学”赋诗,得到了包括张、王在内的许多著名诗人的赞赏,也流传着孟浩然让皇帝“栽跟头”的故事。有一天,孟浩然参加完进士考试来到王维处,不料皇上唐玄宗突然驾到,孟浩然只好躲到床下。王维不敢隐瞒真情,告诉有位诗人躲在床下,唐玄宗得知是孟浩然,因为久闻大名,就让他出来,当场献诗一首。孟浩然选出他认为最成功的一首诗《岁暮归南山》,当皇上听到“不抛弃你呢?”十分不悦,唐玄宗回去后,生气地下了一道指令不能让孟浩然做官,只能回去过隐居生活。诗人在诗中自怨自艾抒写自己仕途失意的愤闷,表达了自己未遇明主及对世态炎凉的幽怨、哀伤,反映出压抑人才的封建社会带给有志之士的痛苦。全诗委婉含蓄,感情复杂深刻,感人至深。

  落第后的孟浩然有一肚子的牢骚而又不好发作,因而以自怨自艾的形式抒发仕途失意的幽思。这首诗表面上是一连串的自责自怪,骨子里却是层出不尽的怨天尤人;说的是自己一无可取之言,怨的是才不为世用之情。

  字面上说“北阙休上书”,实际上表达的正是“魏阙心常在,金门诏不忘”的情意。只不过这时他才发觉以前的想法太天真了;原以为有了马周“直犯龙颜请恩泽”的先例,唐天子便会代代如此;现在才发现:现实是这样令人失望。因而一腔幽愤,从这“北阙休上书”的自艾之言中倾出。明乎此,“南山归敝庐”本非所愿,不得已也。诸般矛盾心绪,一语道出,令人读来自有余味。

  三四句具体回述失意的缘由。“不才明主弃”,感情十分复杂,有反语的性质而又不尽是反语。诗人自幼抱负非凡,“执鞭慕夫子,捧檄怀毛公,感激遂弹冠,安能守固穷!”他也自赞“词赋亦颇工”。其志如此,其才如此,不谓“不才”。因此,说“不才”既是谦词,又兼含了有才不被人识、良骥未遇伯乐的感慨。而这个不识“才”的不是别人,正是“明主”。可见,“明”也是“不明”的微词,带有埋怨意味的。此外,“明主”这一谀词,也确实含有谀美的用意,反映他求仕之心尚未灭绝,还希望皇上见用。这一句,写得有怨悱,有自怜,有哀伤,也有恳请,感情相当复杂。而“多病故人疏”比上句更为委婉深致,一波三折;本是怨“故人”不予引荐或引荐不力,而诗人却说是因为自己“多病”而疏远了故人,这是一层;古代,“穷”、“病”相通,借“多病”说“途穷”,自见对世态炎凉之怨,这又是一层;说因“故人疏”而不能使明主明察自己,这又是一层。这三层含义,最后一层才是主旨。

  求仕情切,宦途渺茫,鬓发已白,功名未就,诗人不可能不忧虑焦急。五六句就是这种心境的写照。白发、青阳(春日),本是无情物,缀以“催”“逼”二字,恰切地表现诗人不愿以白衣终老此生而又无可奈何的复杂感情。

  也正是由于诗人陷入了不可排解的苦闷之中,才使他“永怀愁不寐”,写出了思绪萦绕,焦虑难堪之情态。“松月夜窗虚”,更是匠心独运,它把前面的意思放开,却正衬出了怨愤的难解。看似写景,实是抒情:一则补充了上句中的“不寐”,再则情景浑一,余味无穷,那迷蒙空寂的夜景,与内心落寞惆怅的心绪是十分相似的。“虚”字更是语涉双关,把院落的空虚,静夜的空虚,仕途的空虚,心绪的空虚,包容无余。

  这首诗看似语言显豁,实则含蕴丰富。层层辗转表达,句句语涉数意,构成悠远深厚的艺术风格。

  译文

  不要再去北阙上书了,还是回到南山破旧的家里。没有才能不被明主赏识,身体多病老朋友都疏远了。白发催得旧年过去,春天逼得旧年过去。心中怀有忧愁难以入睡,松林间的月亮照在空寂的窗扉上。



有才子曰:诗词赏析大全:不才明主弃,多病故人疏

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  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000350s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000523s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000358s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000286s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000301s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000311s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000266s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000278s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000321s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000215s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000396s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 5620 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000312s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000390s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 232 WHERE `id` = 5620 [ RunTime:0.001584s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000245s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
0.074450s