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永夜角声悲自语,中天月色好谁看
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:244
  永夜角声悲自语,中天月色好谁看的意思

  长夜里,号角声有如人的悲语; 夜晚的月色是如此的美好,又有谁来欣赏呢?

  《宿府》

  杜甫

  清秋幕府井梧寒, 独宿江城蜡炬残。

  永夜角声悲自语, 中天月色好谁看?

  风尘荏苒音书绝, 关塞萧条行路难。

  已忍伶俜十年事, 强移栖息一枝安。

  赏析

  代宗广德二年(七六四年)六月,新任成都尹兼剑南节度使严武保荐杜甫为节度使幕府的参谋。做这个参谋,每天天刚亮就得上班,直到夜晚才能下班。杜甫家住成都城外的浣花溪,下班后来不及回家,只好长期住在府内。这首诗就写于这一年的秋天。诗人留宿幕府,心境悲凉,对国家充满忧虑,对自己的漂泊生活深感苦闷。全诗首尾照应,意境深沉。

  此诗作于764年(广德二年)秋,当时作者在严武幕府中任节度参谋。诗中抒发的感情还是伤时感事,表达出作者对于国事动乱的忧虑和他飘泊流离的愁闷。正是始终压在诗人身上的愁苦使诗人无心赏看中天美好的月色。前六句具体写出了诗人对风尘荏苒、关塞萧条的动乱时代的忧伤。

  首联倒装。按顺序说,第二句应在前。其中的“独宿”二字,是一诗之眼。“独宿”幕府,眼睁睁地看着“蜡炬残”,其夜不能寐的苦衷,已见于言外。而第一句“清秋幕府井梧寒”,则通过环境的“清”、“寒”,烘托心境的悲凉。未写“独宿”而先写“独宿”的氛围、感受和心情,意在笔先,起势峻耸。

  颔联写“独宿”的所闻所见,清代方东树指出:“景中有情,万古奇警。”而造句之新颖,也非同一般。七言律句,一般是上四下三,这一联却是四、一、二的句式,每句读起来有三个停顿。翻译一下,就是:“长夜的角声啊,多悲凉!但只是自言自语地倾诉乱世的悲凉,没有人听;中天的明月啊,多美好!但尽管美好,在漫漫长夜里,又有谁看呢?!”诗人就这样化百炼钢为绕指柔,以顿挫的句法,吞吐的语气,活托出一个看月听角、独宿不寐的人物形象,恰切地表现了无人共语、沉郁悲抑的复杂心情。

  前两联写“独宿”之景,而情含景中。后两联则就“独宿”之景,直抒“独宿”之情。“风尘”句紧承“永夜”句。“永夜角声”,意味着战乱未息。那悲凉的、自言自语的“永夜角声”,引起诗人许多感慨。“风尘荏苒音书绝”,就是那许多感慨的中心内容。“风尘荏苒”,指战乱延续的时间很长。诗人时常想回到故乡洛阳,却由于“风尘荏苒”,连故乡的音信都得不到。“关塞”句紧承“中天”句。诗人早在《恨别》一诗里写道:“洛城一别四千里,胡骑长驱五六年。草木变衰行剑外,兵戈阻绝老江边。思家步月清宵立,忆弟看云白日眠。”好几年又过去了,诗人却仍然流落剑外,一个人在这凄清的幕府里长夜不眠,仰望中天明月,不由得心事重重。“关塞萧条行路难”,就是那重重心事之一。思家、忆弟之情有增无已,因为他还是没有办法回到洛阳。这一联直抒“宿府”之情。但“宿府”时的心情很复杂,用两句诗无法写完。于是用“伶俜十年事”加以概括,给读者留下了结合诗人的经历去驰骋想象的空间。

  尾联照应首联。作为幕府的参谋而感到“幕府井梧寒”,诗人联想到《庄子·逍遥游》中所说的那个鹪鹩鸟来。“鹪鹩巢于深林,不过一枝。”他从安史之乱以来,“支离东北风尘际,飘泊西南天地间”,那饱含辛酸的“伶俜十年事”都已经忍受过来了,如今却又要到这幕府里来忍受“井梧寒”。用“强移”二字,表明他并不愿意来占这幕府中的“一枝”,而是严武拉来的。用一个“安”字,不过是诗人自我解嘲。诗人一夜徘徊徬徨、展转反侧,心中并不安宁。

  杜甫的理想是“致君尧舜上,再使风俗淳”。然而无数事实证明这理想难得实现,所以早在759年(乾元二年),他就弃官不做,摆脱了“苦被微官缚,低头愧野人”的牢笼生活。这次作参谋,虽然并非出于杜甫自愿,但为了“酬知己”,还是写了《东西两川论》,为严武出谋划策。但到幕府不久,就受到幕僚们的嫉妒、诽谤和排挤,日子很不好过。因此,在《遣闷奉呈严公二十韵》里,他诉说了自己的苦况之后,就请求严武把他从“龟触网”、“鸟窥笼”的困境中解放出来。诗人宁愿回到草堂去“倚梧桐”,而不愿“栖”那“幕府井梧”的“一枝”;因为“倚”草堂的“梧桐”,比较“安”,也不那么“寒”。

  仇兆鳌在《杜少陵集详注》里解释这首诗说:“此秋夜‘宿府’而有感也。上四叙景,下四言情。首句点‘府’,次句点‘宿’。角声惨栗,悲哉自语;月色分明,好与谁看:此‘独宿’凄凉之况也。乡书阔绝,归路艰难;流落多年,借栖幕府:此‘独宿’伤感之意也。玩‘强移’二字,盖不得已而暂依幕下耳。”这意见值得参考。至于上四句叙景、下四句言情,也只是各就主要方面加以区分的。其实,上四句虽偏于叙景,而景中有情;下四句虽重在言情,而情触景生。八句诗情景交融,构成完美的意境,令读者玩味无穷。

  译文

  冷清清的秋夜,幕府庭院中的梧桐树显得非常凄寒。我独自在江城的府舍中,出神地注视着那烛光,蜡烛正在渐渐烧残。漫长的黑夜,角声呜咽,如在倾诉世道的悲凉;中天的明月,月色清盈,却无人去欣赏望观。在风烟战乱中的苦度着岁月,又担心路上太艰难。唉,只身漂泊异地,已经忍受了十年,姑且勉强移住栖息一枝吧,以维持生计求得暂时的平安。



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  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000323s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000497s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000326s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000348s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000334s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000285s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000292s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000281s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000266s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000330s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000206s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000385s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 5628 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000297s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000398s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 245 WHERE `id` = 5628 [ RunTime:0.001680s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000240s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
0.073744s