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诗词赏析:明月照积雪,朔风劲且哀的意思
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:226
  明月照积雪,朔风劲且哀的意思

  明月照在积雪上,北风猛烈而且凄厉。

  《岁暮》

  谢灵运

  殷忧不能寐,苦此夜难颓。

  明月照积雪,朔风劲且哀。

  运往无淹物,年逝觉已催。

  赏析

  这是一首岁暮感怀诗,时间又是在寂静的长夜。在这“一年将尽夜”,诗人怀着深重的忧虑,辗转不寐,深感漫漫长夜,似无尽头。诗的开头两句,以夜不能寐托出忧思之深,用一“苦”字传出不堪禁受长夜难眠的折磨之状。但对“殷忧”的内涵,却含而不宣。《诗经·邶风·柏舟》有“耿耿不寐,如有隐忧”之句,谢诗这一联当化用其意,但“殷忧”的具体内涵自然根于诗人的生活、遭际与思想性格。谢灵运是一个自视很高而性格褊激的贵族文人。刘宋王朝建立后,“朝廷唯以文义处之,不以应实相许。自谓才能宜参权要,既不见知,常怀愤愤。”后来不仅受到徐羡之的排挤,出为永嘉太守,而且因自己的“横恣”与统治集团内部的倾轧而遭杀身之祸。这首诗据“年逝觉已催”之句,当作于其晚年(他死时年仅四十九岁),诗中所谓“殷忧”,除了下文已经明白揭出的“运往”“年逝”之悲外,可能还包含“亹亹衰期迫,靡靡壮志阑”(《长歌行》)之慨,和“晚暮悲独坐,鸣鶗歇春兰”(《彭城宫中直感岁暮诗》)之忧。总之,它并非单纯的对自然寿命的忧虑,而是交织着人生追求、社会人事等多方面矛盾的复杂思绪。用“殷忧”来概括其深重复杂的特点,是非常切当的。

  三四两句是殷忧不寐的诗人岁暮之夜所见所闻。明月在一般情况下,是色泽清润柔和的物象,诗中出现明月的意象,通常也多与恬静悠闲的心态相联系;即使是忧愁,也常常是一种淡淡的哀伤。但明月映照在无边的皑皑积雪之上的景象,却与柔和清润、恬静悠闲完全异趣。积雪的白,本就给人以寒凛之感,再加以明月的照映,雪光与月光相互激射,更透出一种清冷寒冽的青白色光彩,给人以高旷森寒的感受,整个高天厚地之间仿佛是一个冷光充溢、冰雪堆积的世界。这是一种典型的阴刚之美。这一句主要是从色感上写岁暮之夜的凛寒高旷之象。下一句则转从听觉感受方面写岁暮之夜所闻。“朔风”之“劲”,透出了风势之迅猛,风声之凄厉与风威之寒冽,着一“哀”字,不仅如闻朔风怒号的凄厉呜咽之声,而且透出了诗人的主观感受。两句分别从视、听感受上写出岁暮之夜的高旷、萧瑟、寒凛、凄清,作为对冬夜的即景描写,它确实是典型的“直寻”,完全是对眼前景直接而真切的感受。由于它捕捉到了冬夜典型的景物与境界,给人的印象便十分深刻。但这两句的真正妙处,却不仅仅是直书即目所见,而且由于它和殷忧不寐的诗人之间存在一种微妙的契合。诗人是在特定的处境与心境下猝然遇物,而眼前的景象又恰与自己的处境、心境相合,情与境合、心与物惬,遂不觉而描绘出“明月照积雪,朔风劲且哀”的境界。明月映照积雪的清旷寒冽之境象,似乎正隐隐透出诗人所处环境之森寒孤寂,而朔风劲厉哀号的景象,则又反映出诗人心绪的悲凉与骚屑不宁。在这样一种凄寒凛冽的境界中,一切生命与生机都受到沉重的压抑与摧残,因而它也不妨看作诗人所处环境的一种象征。

  五六句即由“积雪”“朔风”的摧抑生机而生:“运往无淹物,年逝觉已催。”运,即一年四季的运转。随着时间的运行,四季的更迭,一切景物都不能长留,人的年岁也迅速消逝。值此岁暮之夜,感到自己的生命也正受到无情的催逼。这两句所抒发的岁月不居、年命易逝之慨,是自屈原的“日月忽其不淹兮,春与秋其代序。惟草木之零落兮,恐美人之迟暮”的慨叹以来,历代诗人一再反复咏叹的主题。大谢诗中,这种人命易逝的感慨也经常出现,成为反复咏叹的基调。这首诗则比较集中地抒写了这种感情。由于这种迟暮之感与诗人的“壮志”不能实现的苦闷及“鸣鶗歇春兰”的忧虑联系在一起,更重要的是由“明月”二句所描绘的境界作为烘托,这种感慨并不流于低沉的哀吟,而是显得劲健旷朗、沉郁凝重。

  皎然《诗式》说:“‘池塘生春草’,情在言外,‘明月照积雪’,旨寓句中,风力虽齐,取兴各别。”这两联虽同具自然、直寻的特点,但同中有异。“池塘”句的妙处必须结合上下文,特别是久淹病榻、昧于节侯,褰帘临眺,忽见池塘春草已生的特殊背景方能领会,妙在于不经意中突然有所发现与领悟,皎然说它情在言外是十分切当的。而“明月”一联虽亦即目所见,但它本身已构成一个带有象征色彩的意境,能引发读者对诗人处境、心态的丰富联想,故说“旨寓句中”。同时,“池塘”一联纯属天籁,“明月”一联却是锤炼而返于自然,“照”字“劲”字“哀”字都有经营锤炼功夫。只不过这种锤炼并不露雕琢之痕罢了。许学夷《诗源辩体》说:“五言至灵运,雕刻极矣,遂生转想,反乎自然。……观其以‘池塘生春草’为佳句,则可知矣。”“明月”一联正体现为由雕刻而返于自然的又一例证,但它距“池塘生春草”式的天籁似乎尚隔一尘。

  译文

  我怀着深重的忧虑,辗转反侧,夜不能寐,内心备受煎熬,长夜漫漫无尽头,天明迟迟盼不来,不堪忍受啊。 明月照在积雪上,北风猛烈而且凄厉。没有永久的事物,都会随时间的消逝而亡。一年将要过去了,自己的生命也正受到无情的催逼。

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  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000411s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000527s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000308s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000362s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000372s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000301s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000269s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000361s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000203s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000431s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 5845 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000419s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000242s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 227 WHERE `id` = 5845 [ RunTime:0.001730s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000262s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
0.076053s