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池塘生春草,园柳变鸣禽什么意思
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:223
  池塘生春草,园柳变鸣禽什么意思?

  池塘边逐渐萌生了青草,柳林里也增添了婉转啼鸣的小鸟。

  《登池上楼》

  谢灵运

  潜虬媚幽姿,飞鸿响远音。

  薄霄愧云浮,栖川怍渊沉。

  进德智所拙,退耕力不任。

  徇禄反穷海,卧疴对空林。

  衾枕昧节候,褰开暂窥临。

  倾耳聆波澜,举目眺岖嵚。

  初景革绪风,新阳改故阴。

  池塘生春草,园柳变鸣禽。

  祁祁伤豳歌,萋萋感楚吟。

  索居易永久,离群难处心。

  持操岂独古,无闷征在今。

  赏析

  全诗可分为三个层次。第一层写他出任永嘉大守的矛盾心情,懊悔自己既不能像潜藏的虬那样安然退隐,又不可能像高飞的鸿那样声震四方,建功立业。第二层写他在病中临窗远眺。第三层写他的思归之情。

  前八句为第一层,主要写官场失意后的不满与当时矛盾的处境。魏晋南朝时代权力斗争激烈,仕途风波险恶,因此士族文人既有进取之志,又有企羡隐逸之心,而诗人所面临的,却是两者俱无所得的困境。诗一开头即由此下笔:“潜虬”一句喻深藏不露、孤高自赏的生活,“飞鸿”一句喻奋进高飞、声名动世的境界;下面两句说无论前者还是后者,自己都不能做到,深感惭傀。四句中,第三句紧接第二句,第四句远承第一句,诗意连贯而有变化。以上四句用形象的比喻写出自己的困境,但为何会这样,并未交代清楚,所以又有后四句把前四句加以落实。“进德”谓进取功业,施恩德于世人,与“飞鸿”一句相应。——但虽有此志,却是才智不及。这句实际的意思,是说自己耿直守正,乃至受人陷害。“退耕”谓退隐田园,以耕作自资,与“潜虬”一句相应。——但徒怀此愿,却是力所未能。以谢氏的富有,当然谈不上“退耕力不任”的问题。这句实际的意思,是说自己颇有退隐之心,只是为形势所格,无法实现。因为当时谢灵运如果拒绝赴任,就是公开表示与当权者对抗,极可能招致更大麻烦。下面进一步写自己于无奈中来到这偏僻的海隅,入冬后久卧病床,所对唯有萧索枯瑟之空林。全诗由虚入实,由远及近,气氛渐渐降到最低点。

  自“衾枕”以下八句为第二层,写登楼所见满目春色。“衾枕昧节候”紧承前一句”卧疴对空林”而来,写卧病中不知不觉,已是冬去春来,同时自然而然引出下旬“褰开暂登临”。“暂”谓短时间,有抱病强起之意。“倾耳”、“举目”两句,写出诗人对自然风光的极度喜爱。池塘水波轻拍,在倾耳细听之际,令人虑澄意解;远山参差耸立,于放眼遥望之中,使人心旷神怡。眼前是一派景色:“初景”即新春的阳光,正在革除“绪风”即残冬的余风,“新阳”即春代替了“故阴”即冬的统治。“初景”、“新阳”写出总体的感受,是虚笔,下面“池塘”、“园柳”两句,转为近景的具体描绘。“池塘生春草,园柳变鸣禽”,是谢诗中最著名的诗句之一,曾引起很多人的赞赏,甚至引出一些带有神秘性的传说。钟蝾《诗品》引《谢氏家录》说:“康乐(谢灵运袭爵康乐公)每对惠连(谢惠连,灵运之从弟),辄得佳语。后在永嘉西堂,思诗竟日不就,寤寐间忽见惠连,即成‘池塘生春草’。故尝云:‘此语有神助,非我语也’。”故事的真实性如何暂且不论,这一联诗的名声,看来确是不小。但也有人提出:这二句实在很平常,没有什么可夸耀的。究竟应如何看待,颇可稍加分析。

  看起来,这一联诗(特别是前一句)确实很平常,毫无锤炼之功,所写景色亦并无特别之处.但应该注意到,它很好地表现了初春之特征及诗人当时的心情。池塘周围(尤其是向阳处)的草,因为得池水滋润,又有坡地挡住寒风,故复苏得早,生长得快,其青青之色也特别的鲜嫩,有欣欣向荣的生气。但它委实太平常,

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  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000283s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000311s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000294s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000317s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000216s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000394s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 6164 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000301s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000329s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000242s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 224 WHERE `id` = 6164 [ RunTime:0.001918s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000236s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
0.075628s