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疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏的意思
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:238
  疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏的意思

  稀疏的影儿,横斜在清浅的水中,清幽的芬芳浮动在黄昏的月光之下。

  《山园小梅》

  林逋

  众芳摇落独喧妍,占尽风情向小园。

  疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏。

  霜禽欲下先偷眼,粉蝶如知合断魂。

  幸有微吟可相狎,不须檀板共金樽。

  赏析

  北宋诗人林逋为时人所知、为后人仰慕,源于他的这首咏梅绝唱《山园小梅》。在此诗中,他将梅花写得超凡脱俗、俏丽可人,写照传神、言近旨远,尤以篇末的“以身相许”式的表白,更是提升了梅的品格,丰实了作品的境界,读来口齿噙香,令人赞叹。

  林逋种梅养鹤成癖,终身不娶,世称“梅妻鹤子”,所以他眼中的梅含波带情,笔下的梅更是引人入胜。

  首联以梅不畏严寒、笑立风中起句,“众”与“独”字对出,言天地间只有此花,这是何等的峻洁清高。然而梅品虽高,却不骄傲,只在一方小园而且是山间小园实际是空中楼阁中孤芳自赏,这又是一种何等“丰富的宁静”与充实的美丽。

  颔联是最为世人称道的,它为人们送上了一幅优美的山园小梅图。上句轻笔勾勒出梅之骨,“疏影”状其轻盈,“翩若惊鸿”;“横斜”传其妩媚,迎风而歌;“水清浅”显其澄澈,灵动温润。下句浓墨描摹出梅之韵,“暗香”写其无形而香,随风而至,如同捉迷藏一样富有情趣;“浮动”言其款款而来,飘然而逝,颇有仙风道骨;“月黄昏”采其美妙背景,从时间上把人们带到一个“月上柳梢头,人约黄昏后”的动人时刻,从空间上把人们引进一个“落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色”似的迷人意境。首联极目聘怀,颔联凝眉结思。林逋这两句也并非是臆想出来的,他除了有生活实感外,还借鉴了前人的诗句。五代南唐江为有残句:“竹影横斜水清浅,桂香浮动月黄昏。”这两句既写竹,又写桂。不但未写出竹影的特点,且未道出桂花的清香。因无题,又没有完整的诗篇,未能构成了一个统一和谐的主题、意境,感触不到主人公的激情,故缺乏感人力量。而林逋只改了两字,将“竹”改成“疏”,将“桂”改成“暗”,这“点睛”之笔,使梅花形神活现。上二联皆实写,下二联虚写。

  颈联“以物观物”,“霜禽”指白鹤,“偷眼”写其迫不及待之情,因为梅之色、梅之香这种充满了诱惑的美;“粉蝶”与“霜禽”构成对比,虽都是会飞的生物,但一大一小,一禽一虫,一合时宜一不合时,画面富于变化,“断魂”略显夸张,用语极重,将梅之色、香、味推崇到“极致的美”。

  尾联“微吟”实讲“口中梅”也,“微”言其淡泊雅致,如此咀嚼,虽不果腹,然可暖心、洁品、动情、铸魂,表达出诗人愿与梅化而为一的生活旨趣和精神追求,至此诗人对梅的观赏进入了冯友兰所说的“天地境界”,人们看到的则是和“霜禽”“粉蝶”一样迫不及待和如痴如醉的诗人——一个梅化的诗人。苏轼曾在《书林逋诗后》说:“先生可是绝伦人,神清骨冷无尘俗。”《四库全书总目》说:“其诗澄澹高逸,如其为人。”可知其言不谬,该诗之神韵正是诗人幽独清高、自甘淡泊的人格写照。

  从意象构造的角度言,单言山园小梅,实非易事,但诗人借物来衬,借景来托,使其成为一幅画面中的中心意象,此一绝也。

  诗人具体写梅画梅时,虚实结合,对比呈现,使得全诗节奏起伏跌宕,色彩时浓时淡,环境动静相宜,观景如梦如幻,充分体现了“山园”的绝妙之处,这一点也是为许多赏家所忽视的,正是通过这一点,作者淋漓尽致地表达出“弗趋荣利”、“趣向博远”精神品格。此二绝也。

  作者以梅自况,虽展现了中国传统文人的一贯追求,然而也颇具特色。单就“疏影”一联而言,欧阳修说:“前世咏梅者多矣,未有此句也。”陈与义说:“自读西湖处士诗,年年临水看幽姿。晴窗画出横斜影,绝胜前村夜雪时。”(《和张矩臣水墨梅》)他认为林逋的咏梅诗已压倒了唐齐已《早梅》诗中的名句“前村深雪里,昨夜一枝开”。王士朋对其评价更高,誉之为千古绝唱:“暗香和月人佳句,压尽千古无诗才。”辛弃疾在《念奴娇》中奉劝骚人墨客不要草草赋梅:“未须草草赋梅花,多少骚人词客。总被西湖林处士,不肯分留风月。”因为这联特别出名,所以“疏影”、“暗香”二词,就成了后人填写梅词的调名,如姜夔有两首咏梅词即题为《暗香》、《疏影》,此后即成为咏梅的专有名词,可见林逋的咏梅诗对后世文人影响之大。这只说到了其一,更为重要的是梅在林逋的笔下,不再是浑身冷香了,而是充满了一种“丰满的美丽”,很有精神,很有力度,也很温度,很有未来。正因为如此,该诗才有着强烈的现实感,让人感到很真实,回到它的起始状态,作为“梅妻鹤子”的林逋,写出此种具有理想主义倾向的诗句来,着实让人们展开了一回心灵的、审美的旅游。此三绝也。

  作者写出此种妙句,亦非唾手可得。宋初另有相当多的诗人,偏重以苦吟的写作方法在狭小的格局中描绘清新小巧的自然景象,表达或是失意怅惘、或是闲适旷达的士大夫情趣,这主要是继承了唐代贾岛、姚合一派的风格,林逋就是这些诗人之一。另外,《山园小梅》格局未免太小,后面自命清高的标榜,也实在有唯恐不为人知的味道。

  翻译

  百花凋零,独有梅花迎着寒风昂然盛开,那明媚艳丽的景色把小园的风光占尽。

  稀疏的影儿,横斜在清浅的水中,清幽的芬芳浮动在黄昏的月光之下。

  寒雀想飞落下来时,先偷看梅花一眼;蝴蝶如果知道梅花的妍美,定会消魂失魄。

  幸喜我能低声吟诵,和梅花亲近,不用敲着檀板唱歌,执着金杯饮酒来欣赏它了 。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏的意思

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  129. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ResultOperation.php ( 7.01 KB )
  130. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/WhereQuery.php ( 19.37 KB )
  131. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/JoinAndViewQuery.php ( 7.11 KB )
  132. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TableFieldInfo.php ( 2.63 KB )
  133. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/Transaction.php ( 2.77 KB )
  134. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
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  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000577s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000708s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000431s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000552s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000299s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000550s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000343s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000399s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000336s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000358s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000368s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000423s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000521s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000248s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000638s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 6201 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000383s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000539s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000386s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 239 WHERE `id` = 6201 [ RunTime:0.001902s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000291s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000342s ]
0.110890s