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春城无处不飞花,寒食东风御柳斜的意思
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:205
  春城无处不飞花,寒食东风御柳斜的意思

  寒食节这一天,长安城里到处花在飞舞,皇宫的御苑里春风也吹拂着柳絮。

  寒食

  韩翃

  春城无处不飞花, 寒食东风御柳斜。

  日暮汉官传蜡烛, 轻烟散入五侯家。

  [赏析]

  寒食是我国古代一个传统节日,一般在冬至后一百零五天,清明前两天。古人很重视这个节日,按风俗家家禁火,只吃现成食物,故名寒食。由于节当暮春,景物宜人,自唐至宋,寒食便成为游玩的好日子,宋人就说过:“人间佳节唯寒食。”(邵雍)唐代制度,到清明这天,皇帝宣旨取榆柳之火赏赐近臣,以示皇恩。唐代诗人窦叔向有《寒食日恩赐火》诗纪其实:“恩光及小臣,华烛忽惊春。电影随中使,星辉拂路人。幸因榆柳暖,一照草茅贫。”正可与韩翃这一首诗参照。 此诗只注重寒食景象的描绘,并无一字涉及评议。第一句就展示出寒食节长安的迷人风光。把春日的长安称为“春城”,不但造语新颖,富于美感;而且两字有阴平阳平的音调变化,谐和悦耳。处处“飞花”,不但写出春天的万紫千红、五彩缤纷,而且确切地表现出寒食的暮春景象。暮春时节,袅袅东风中柳絮飞舞,落红无数。不说“处处”而说“无处不”,以双重否定构成肯定,形成强调的语气,表达效果更强烈。“春城无处不飞花”写的是整个长安,下一句则专写皇城风光。既然整个长安充满春意,热闹繁华,皇宫的情景也就可以想见了。与第一句一样,这里并未直接写到游春盛况,而剪取无限风光中风拂“御柳”一个镜头。当时的风俗,寒食日折柳插门,所以特别写到柳。同时也关照下文“以榆柳之火赐近臣”的意思。

  如果说一二句是对长安寒食风光一般性的描写,那么,三四句就是这一般景象中的特殊情景了。两联情景有一个时间推移,一二写白昼,三四写夜晚,“日暮”则是转折。寒食节普天之下一律禁火,唯有得到皇帝许可,“特敕街中许燃烛”(元稹《连昌宫词》),才是例外。除了皇宫,贵近宠臣也可以得到这份恩典。“日暮”两句正是写这种情事,仍然是形象的画面。写赐火用一“传”字,不但状出动态,而且意味着挨个赐予,可见封建等级次第之森严。“轻烟散入”四字,生动描绘出一幅中官走马传烛图,虽然既未写马也未写人,但那袅袅飘散的轻烟,告诉着这一切消息,使人嗅到了那烛烟的气味,听到了那得得的马蹄,恍如身历其境。同时,自然而然会给人产生一种联想,体会到的言外之意。首先,风光无处不同,家家禁火而汉宫传烛独异,这本身已包含着特权的意味。进而,优先享受到这种特权的,则是“五侯”之家。它使人联想到中唐以后宦官专权的政治弊端。中唐以来,宦官专擅朝政,政治日趋腐败,有如汉末之世。诗中以“汉”代唐,显然暗寓讽谕之情。无怪乎吴乔说:“唐之亡国,由于宦官握兵,实代宗授之以柄。此诗在德宗建中初,只‘五侯’二字见意,唐诗之通于春秋也。”(《围炉诗话》) 据孟棨《本事诗》,唐德宗曾十分赏识韩翃此诗,为此特赐多年失意的诗人以“驾部郎中知制诰”的显职。由于当时江淮刺史也叫韩翃,德宗特御笔亲书此诗,并批道:“与此韩翃”,成为一时流传的佳话。优秀的文学作品往往“形象大于思想”(高尔基),此诗虽然止于描绘,作者本意也未必在于讥刺,但他抓住的形象本身很典型,因而使读者意会到比作品的东西。由于作者未曾刻意求深,只是沉浸在打动了自己的形象与情感之中,发而为诗,反而使诗更含蓄,更富于情韵,比许多刻意讽刺之作更高一筹。

  译文

  暮春时候长安处处飘絮又飞花,寒食节日风吹皇家花园柳枝斜。夜色降临宫里忙着传蜡烛,袅袅炊烟散入王侯贵戚的家里。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:春城无处不飞花,寒食东风御柳斜的意思

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  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000301s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000327s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000208s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000401s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 6242 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000328s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000340s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000262s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 206 WHERE `id` = 6242 [ RunTime:0.001740s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000233s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
0.075845s