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浊酒一杯家万里,燕然未勒归无计的意思
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:183
  饮一杯陈酒思念着远隔万里的家乡,可是燕然山上还没有刻上平胡的功绩,何时可以回归家乡无法预计。

  赏析二

  在北宋仁宗时代,居住在我国西北地区的党项羌族逐渐强盛起来,建立了夏国。北宋王朝和它作战屡次失败。范仲淹于庆历元年到三年(公元1041到1043年)奉命与韩琦等经略陕西,才算稳定了局势。他在工作当中,爱抚士兵,推诚接待羌族,使汉、羌民族得以和平相处,很得人民的爱戴。他写过几首反映边塞生活的〔渔家傲〕,都以“塞下秋来”开头。这是其中的一首。

  这首词是写边塞的萧条景色和远离家乡、久戍边塞的将士们的沉重心情的。心情是主,景色是宾。它的结构和无名氏〔菩萨蛮〕有共同之处,也是上片以写景为主,而景中有情;下片以抒情为主,而情中有景。景色的描写,正好衬托出人物的心情,从而更深刻地展示了他们的内心世界。

  上片写景。它一上来就说明了这里是边塞的秋天,与内地的秋天背景有所不同。接着,以候鸟大雁之到了季节要回到南方,来坐实“风景异”。“衡阳雁去”,按照一般的语法,应当是雁去衡阳;这里是因为要符合格律,把结构颠倒了。大雁在这个地方度过了春、夏两个季节,现在要离开了。按照情理来说,人,推而至于雁,在一个地方住了相当长的时间,临别之时,总不免有些依依不舍。桑下三宿,尚且为佛徒所忌,何况两个季节呢?而竟至于“无留意”,那么,可见此时此地,已经十分寒苦,实在是无可留恋了。雁的来去,完全是从人的立场去设想的,因此,这事实上是写人之所感。

  第三句写边塞上的声音。泛说“边声”。包括一切自然界和人类的声音,如风声、雨声、人喊、马嘶,都在其内。它们是边塞上所特有的,因而听到以后,容易引起怀乡之情。“边声”以“四面”来形容,更显得其无所不在,充塞了整个空间,虽想不听,也做不到。下面再接上“连角起”,更进一步写出这些凄凉的声音又还是伴随着军营中的号角一道发出来的,就更在凄凉之外加上了悲壮的气氛。这种加倍渲染的手法,也是为了加深人所感受的描写。这是写词人所闻。

  第四、五句写边塞上的景色。在数不清的山峰像屏障一样的围绕之中,傍晚的时候,烟雾弥漫,即将西沉的太阳正照射着一座紧闭了门的孤零零的城堡,这是多么荒凉的景色!“长烟”的“长”字,在这里是广阔的意思,它与“落日孤城”的“落”字、“孤”字合色,都是为了形容环境的辽阔荒凉而挑出来使用的。而孤城紧闭,则又显示了戒备森严,在冷落的背后,隐隐地露出了紧张的局势。这是词人所见、所感、所闻、所见如此,那么,身临其境的人,不免有怀乡之念,就很自然了。

  下片以抒情为主。在这种环境之中,欲归不得,惟有借酒浇愁。。但是,“浊酒一杯”,怎么能够排遣离家万里的乡愁呢?结果是如李白《宣城谢眺楼饯别校书叔云》中所说的,“举杯消愁愁更愁”了。“一杯”和 “万里”相对为文,是强烈的对照。“家万里”,点出路途遥远,回乡困难,但它却不是不能回家的主要原因。主要的原因是还没有完成朝廷交给的任务,还没有能够如东汉窦宪那样,打退匈奴统治者的侵扰,在燕然山勒石纪功,然后胜利地班师还朝。在这里,词人写出了边防将士们的责任感。在严峻的环境里,虽然对家乡非常怀念,但是面对着侵扰者,他们是决不会放弃自己的责任的。

  在完成抗击侵扰的任务以前,当然是无法回乡的,只有在这里坚持下去。傍晚之时,对景思乡,欲归不得,借酒小愁,消磨了许多时光,已经由黄昏进入深夜,这时听到的是悠长的羌笛,看到的银白的浓霜,怎么能够入睡呢?词中这位人物,可以是指词人自己,也可以是泛指某一位将军或征夫,因为他们的感情是共同的。将军的年纪当然大些,久戍边城,备极辛劳,已生白发,而征夫则流出了眼泪。末句极写久戍之苦,结出主旨。

  一方面,边塞寒苦,久戍思乡;另一方面,责任重大,必须担负,这是词中所描写的一对矛盾。词中篇幅绝大部分是写前一方面的,但只用“燕然未勒归无计”一句,便使后一方面突出,成为这对矛盾的主要矛盾面,正如俗话说的“秤砣虽小压千斤”。用传统的文学批评术语来说,就是:“发乎情,止乎礼仪。”作者虽然身为将军,但并非高适《燕歌行》中所谴责的那种“战士军前半死生,美人帐下犹歌舞”的将军,所以能够体会普通将士们的思想感情,他们对家乡的怀念和崇高的责任感。

  译文

  边塞上秋天一来风景全异,向衡阳飞去的雁群毫无留恋的情意。从四面八方传来的边地悲声随着号角响起。重重叠叠的山峰里,长烟直上落日斜照着紧闭的孤城。

  饮一杯陈酒思念着远隔万里的家乡,可是燕然山上还没有刻上平胡的功绩,何时可以回归家乡无法预计。羌族的笛声悠扬,寒霜撒满大地。远征之人不能入睡,将军和士兵们的头发花白,战士纷纷洒下眼泪。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:浊酒一杯家万里,燕然未勒归无计的意思

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  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000377s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000538s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000312s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000352s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000328s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000270s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000309s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000270s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000245s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000323s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000218s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000389s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 6724 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000360s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000238s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 184 WHERE `id` = 6724 [ RunTime:0.001585s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000240s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000286s ]
0.073894s