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山中送别的诗意
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-15 点击数:188
  山中送别的诗意

  山中相送罢,日暮掩柴扉。

  春草明年绿,王孙归不归?

  注释

  1、掩:关闭。柴扉:柴门。

  2、明年:一作“年年”。

  3、王孙:贵族的子孙,这里指送别的友人。后两句化用《楚辞·招隐士》的“王孙游兮不归,春草生兮萋萋”句意。

  诗意

  在深山中送走了好友,

  夕阳落下把柴门半掩。

  春草到明年催生新绿,

  朋友啊你能不能回还?

  赏析

  这首《山中送别》诗,不写离亭饯别的情景,而是匠心别运,选取了与一般送别诗全然不同的下笔着墨之点。

  诗的首句“山中相送罢”,在一开头就告诉读者相送已罢,把送行时的话别场面、惜别情怀,用一个看似毫无感情色彩的“罢”字一笔带过。这里,从相送到送罢,跳越了一段时间。而次句从白昼送走行人一下子写到“日暮掩柴扉”,则又跳越了一段更长的时间。诗人在把生活接入诗篇时,剪去了在这段时间内送行者的所感所想,都当作暗场处理了。

  第二句“日暮掩柴扉”,不写与友人话别的情景,也不渲染分手之际的环境气氛,而偏写送走友人之后日暮掩上柴扉的举动。对离别有体验的人都知道,行人将去的片刻固然令人黯然魂消,但一种寂寞之感、怅惘之情往往在别后当天的日暮时会变得更浓重、更稠密。在这离愁别恨最难排遣的时刻,要写的东西也定必是千头万绪的;可是,诗只写了一个“掩柴扉”的举动。这是山居的人每天到日暮时都要做的极其平常的事情,看似与白昼送别并无关连。而诗人却把这本来互不关连的两件事连在了一起,使这本来天天重复的行动显示出与往日不同的意味,从而寓别情于行间,见离愁于字里。使诗人感到一种寂寞与孤独,自然会追忆友人的音容笑貌,眼前浮现友人在山中时朝夕相处的欢乐,同时,也一定会想象友人出山后的行踪,而且更盼望友人早日归来重聚。一句话,诗人身虽在柴扉之内,心却在柴扉之外。但所有这些,诗人都没有直接说出来,让读者自己从“掩柴扉”这一动作细节中体会。诗有“空白”,就耐人咀嚼。

  诗的前两句是陪衬,后两句才是表现的主体。

  诗的三、四两句“春草明年绿,王孙归不归”,从《楚辞·招隐士》“王孙游兮不归,春草生兮萋萋”两句化来。但赋是因游子久去而叹其不归,这两句诗则在与行人分手的当天就惟恐其久去不归。

  这两句化用《楚辞·招隐士》句意,但一点也不使人感到是用典,而觉得是从诗人内心深处自然流出的深情话语。这里用典不仅贴切,而且灵活,巧妙。《楚辞·招隐士》中的王孙是淹留山中,辞赋作者是要招其离开山中归家,而王维诗却反用其意,盼友人回到山中来;《楚辞·招隐士》是因游子久去而叹其不归,而王维诗是在与行人分手的当天就惟恐其久去不归;《楚辞·招隐士》用的是直接感叹句,王维改用疑问语气,所传达的感情便微妙、丰富多了。

  “归不归”,作为一句问话,照说应当在相别之际向行人提出,这里却让它在行人已去、日暮掩扉之时才浮上居人的心头,成了一个并没有问出口的悬念。这样,所写的就不是一句送别时照例要讲的话,而是“相送罢”后内心深情的流露,说明诗中人一直到日暮还为离思所笼罩,虽然刚刚分手,已盼其早日归来,又怕其久不归来了。前面说,从相送到送罢,从“相送罢”到“掩柴扉”,中间跳越了两段时间;()这里,在送别当天的日暮时就想到来年的春草绿,而问那时归不归,这又是从当前跳到未来,跳越的时间就更长了。“归不归”三字,有担心、疑惑友人去而不归,又有盼望友人明春归来之意绪。在王维之前,南齐谢朓《酬王晋安》诗也用了《楚辞·招隐士》的句意,写出了“春草秋更绿,公子未西归”的句子。

  第三句“春草明年绿”,有的本子作:“春草年年绿。”比较之下,“春草明年绿”更为美妙。它是全篇诗的警句。有了这一句,描绘出了诗人在柴扉中想象的这一片春草的绿色,使整首诗有了色彩,有了画意,有了象趣,而诗人盼望友人归来同赏明春山色的深情,便有了借以寓托的鲜明美丽物象。“绿”字是诗眼,“明”字也妙。

  这首送别诗,不写离亭饯别的依依不舍,却更进一层写冀望别后重聚。这是超出一般送别诗的所在。开头隐去送别情景,以“送罢”落笔,继而写别后回家寂寞之情更浓更稠,为望其再来的题意作了铺垫,于是想到春草再绿自有定期,离人回归却难一定。惜别之情,自在话外。意中有意,味外有味,真是匠心别运,高人一筹。

  王维善于从生活中拾取看似平凡的素材,运用朴素、自然的语言,来显示深厚、真挚的感情,令人神远。这首《山中送别》诗就是这样的。

  注:精彩文章请关注青藤作文诗词赏析栏目。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:山中送别的诗意

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  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000338s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000500s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000296s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000347s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000296s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000269s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000276s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000322s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000201s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000410s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 7184 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000315s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000345s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000247s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 189 WHERE `id` = 7184 [ RunTime:0.001639s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000254s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000291s ]
0.074051s