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苏轼的《水调歌头·中秋》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-18 点击数:168
  丙辰中秋,欢饮达旦,大醉。作此篇,兼怀子由。

  明月几时有?把酒问青天。不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年?我欲乘风归去,又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒。起舞弄清影,何似在人间!

  转朱阁,低绮户,照无眠。不应有恨,何事长向别时圆?人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。但愿人长久,千里共婵娟!

  词至苏轼(1037-1101)有了更大的变化和发展。胡寅《酒边词序》云:及眉山苏氏,一洗绮罗香泽之态,摆脱绸缪宛转之度,使人登高望远,举首高歌,而逸怀浩气超然乎尘垢之外。”这意味着,苏轼打破了词为艳科的传统偏见,提高了词的思想境界,从而扩大了词的题材范围,并极大地丰富了词的艺术表现能力。苏轼这首《水调歌头·中秋》,便足以充分说明这一点。

  此词写于宋神宗熙宁九年丙辰(1076)。那年,苏轼四十一岁,在密州(今山东诸城)太守任上。中秋节那天,他痛痛快快地喝了一整夜的酒,直到天亮。在酩酊大醉中,他写了这首词,既以遣怀,又用来表示他对弟弟苏辙的怀念。因为他兄弟俩已多年不见面了。

  一开头,词人就端起酒杯向着青天发出了一个离奇的问题:明月几时有?这显然是屈原《天问》传统的继承和延续。这样就把读者登时带入遥远的邃古年代和无垠的寥廓天宇中去了。它给人以无穷无尽的想象,并表现出词人天真的情趣和深邃的思考。

  唐代诗人张若虚曾问过:江畔何人初见月?江月何年初照人?(《春江花月夜》)李白也问过:青天有月来几时?我今停杯一问之。(《把酒问月》)如果说,张若虚在诗中用精致流利的语言创造出一个澄莹生动的境界,蕴涵着无比诱人的旨趣;那么,李白在诗中则表现得更超脱、更豪迈。李白不慌不忙地在探求着宇宙的奥秘和人生的哲理。苏轼此词虽然它语气更迫切,而胸襟却更显豁达了。

  不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年?这突兀的设问,表明诗人在现实生活中感到苦闷,因而神思飞越,一下子闯进月宫里去了。月宫里也许很美好吧?我欲乘风归去,又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒。词人设想自己原是谪居世间的天上神仙(像贺知章称呼李白那样),因此打算乘风归回月宫里去; 但他又耽心广寒宫里的凄凉将使人无法消受。

  据杨湜《古今词话》说:神宗读'琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒',乃叹曰:'苏轼终是爱君。'既量移汝州。今人多疑此话欠真实。因为苏轼移汝州在谪黄州之后,而此词作于谪黄州之前几年。但我以为,神宗读此词有可能在苏轼谪黄州后。若谓此时神宗察觉到苏轼忠心耿耿后将他改官汝州,也是说得通的。显然有此词中,苏轼是把琼楼玉宇暗喻皇帝居所的。前些时候,苏轼因与朝廷政见不合,遂自请离京外任。现在,他不禁又思念起皇帝来了。这固然流露出他对赵宋王朝的一悃忠忱;但从不胜寒一语中,也表明他已清醒地认识到在朝廷里的风险。因而一转念,他便接着写道:起舞弄清影,何似在人间!意谓宁可在地方上做个清廉的官吏,也比在朝廷上担惊受怕要强一些。

  下片换头处三句,写月亮从朱红色的楼阁上面转过去,低低地照着雕花的窗户,照着情思满怀、睡不着觉的词人自己。胡仔的父亲胡寅曾主张将低绮户改为窥绮户,认为如此改后其词愈佳。我以为不然。殊不知低在这里兼表时空。词人用月亮的低垂,暗示时间的流逝。正由于月亮的西沉,词人又睡不着觉,才引起以下的一连串思想活动:不应有恨,何事长向别时圆?月亮跟人们该没有什么怨恨吧?为什么老是拣人们离别的时候团圆呢?这样便转到怀念弟弟苏辙的主题上来。为此,词人又自宽自解,词意也就随着愈转愈深。人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。从月有阴晴圆缺这一客观事物的规律,联想到人有悲欢离合也是难以避免的憾事。因此词人发出良好的祝愿:但愿人长久,千里共婵娟!他只祝愿亲人一生平安,隔千里兮共明月。从这里,词人清楚地吐露出对兄弟的浓挚感情。

  此词虽是通篇咏月,但深藏着词人政治上失意情绪和对兄弟的殷切怀念。其中涵蕴着不少人生的哲理。词人将写景、抒情和说理紧密结合在一起,处处显示出他驾御创作的娴熟技巧和热爱人生的积极精神。他以豁达的襟怀表现出天真情趣,用清醒的头脑(酒醉心明)进行着深邃思考。从艺术方面说,他想象瑰奇,写作手法又饶有变化,因此能在百字内概括地抒写出其政治上的苦闷和淋漓地表达出其感情上的矛盾。正如张炎所说:苏轼词清丽、舒徐,高出人表。(《词源》)这首词便堪称为他这方面的代表作。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:苏轼的《水调歌头·中秋》赏析

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  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.003903s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.002455s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003187s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.004823s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.007222s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.002511s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.002872s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.002713s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003030s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.004261s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003404s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003546s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.005173s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.003999s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.004981s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 9587 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002087s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.007135s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002654s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 169 WHERE `id` = 9587 [ RunTime:0.005206s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001716s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.004147s ]
0.654095s