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      仙吕·寄生草·感叹(查得卿)
      发布日期:2020-05-05

      仙吕·寄生草·感叹


         姜太公贱卖了磻溪岸,
         韩元帅命博得拜将坛。
         羡傅说守定岩前版,
         叹灵辄吃了桑间饭,
         劝豫让吐出喉中炭。
         如今凌烟阁一层一个鬼门关,
         长安道一步一个连云栈。

      注释

         姜太公:即吕尚。
         磻溪:一名璜河,在陕西宝鸡县东南。相传溪上有兹泉,为姜太公垂钓遇文王处。
         韩元帅:即韩信。汉高祖拜为大将,后被吕后杀害。
         命博得:用生命换取得。
         傅说:傅说隐居傅岩(今山西平陆)时,曾为人版筑(用框架筑土墙)。高宗“夜梦得圣人,名曰说”(《史记·殷本纪》)
         灵辄:春秋时晋人。据《左传·宣公二年》载:晋灵公的大夫赵宣子曾于首阳山打猎,在桑阴中休息,看到饿人灵辄,便拿饭给他吃,并给了他母亲饭和肉。后晋灵公想刺杀宣子,派灵辄作伏兵,他却倒戈相救,以报一饭之恩。
         豫让:战国晋人。据《史记·刺客列传》载:豫让为晋国大夫智伯家臣,备受尊宠。后智伯为赵襄子所灭,他便“漆身为癞,吞炭为哑”,企图行刺赵襄子,为智伯报仇。后事败为襄子所杀。
         凌烟阁:唐太宗图画功臣的殿阁。此借指高官显位。
         长安道:指仕途。
         连云栈:陕西褒谷与斜谷间的栈道。在今陕西褒城一带,是由陕入蜀要道。此喻危险的仕途。

      赏析

         此曲揭露仕途的艰难和官场的险恶,劝戒人不必为虚名卖命。连举五个古人,皆一一予以否定;结尾处直指元代仕途,尤足以惊世骇俗。以古鉴今,感情愤激。
         元人在散曲中叹世警世,常用这种列举史事的方式。这样做不仅收论据凿凿、以古证今之效,文气上也有语若贯珠、一泻直下之妙。本篇用了五则历史人物的典故,五句中作者又以饱含感情色彩的精练语言,表示了自己“感叹”的导向。
         起首两句对仗,是就姜太公吕尚与韩元帅韩信的行止作出评断。对于吕尚离开磻溪岸入朝任相,作者用了“贱卖了”三字,是说他放弃渔钓隐居生活太不值得。设想作者若仅用“卖了”二字,也已表现出对他入仕的鄙夷不屑,更何况“贱卖”!诗人故意不提吕尚辅佐文王定国安邦的历史功绩,又故意以偏激的用语与世人对吕尚穷极终通际遇的艳羡唱反调,愤世嫉俗之意溢于言表。同样,对于韩信登坛拜将的隆遇,作品用了“命博得”三字,一针见血地指出了在功业爵禄之后隐伏的危机。一文一武,抹倒了古今的风云人物,也是对利禄仕进热衷者的当头棒喝。
         三、四、五三句的鼎足对,言及的历史主角为傅说、灵辄、豫让三人。第一句出乎意外地用了个“羡”字,但细看羡的内容,是“傅说守定岩前版”。傅说若果真守定岩前版的话,只不过是个卑贱的奴隶,而事实上他根本没有“守定”,出去做了殷高宗的大臣,可见这一句纯粹是反话、是嘲讽。第二句如实地用上一“叹”,而所叹的是灵辄“吃了桑间饭”,作者认为这样一来,他就只能以听命于人、舍己报主作为饭钱了。第三句对豫让则用了“劝”,“劝豫让吐出喉中炭”,作者对豫让用性命报知遇之恩,视作多此一举的愚蠢行为。这三句鼎足对中傅说的一例,同吕尚、韩信并无二致,其余两人则非名利场中人,却是受制于人、为统治者效命的人物。作者将他们并排拉在一起,并非是有意选取历史和社会上具有代表意义的不同典型,不过是借此发泄对整个封建秩序及现存观念的否定和蔑视而已。这就使作品带上了一种嬉笑怒骂、驰骋随意的剽劲色彩。
         叹世作品列具史实的常法,是在结尾点出总结的结论。而本曲又别具一格,弃置上举的五名历史人物不顾,转而对“如今”作出了愤怒的感叹。“凌烟阁一层一个鬼门关,长安道一步一个连云栈”是峻拔的警语。它将不同性质的地名醒目地组织在各句之间,让读者去憬然悟味其间的联系,从而形象地表现元代仕进道路艰难险恶的黑暗现状。这是对热衷功名利禄的另一种形式的批判和否定,从而与上文的历史感叹互相照应。贯串在作品中的感情的愤激、嘲骂的辛辣、意绪的突兀以及批判精神的尖锐,造就了作品豪辣灏烂、排再奇倔的风格特色。



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      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001013s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.001374s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000933s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.001349s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000850s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.002001s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001067s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001042s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.002150s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001218s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001022s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001296s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001287s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000745s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.001486s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 1111 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001381s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001363s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000987s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 3534 WHERE `id` = 1111 [ RunTime:0.002455s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 92 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000808s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000794s ]
      0.158628s