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      《归燕》潇湘何事等闲回 水碧沙明两岸苔
      发布日期:2020-06-14

        归雁

        唐代:钱起

        潇湘何事等闲回,水碧沙明两岸苔。

        二十五弦弹夜月,不胜清怨却飞来。

        咏物,写鸟,思乡

        译文及注释

        译文

        你为何如此轻易的从潇水湘水那样美丽的地方回来呢?那里溪水澄澈,沙石明净,岸边还有青苔可以供你觅食,你何故不肯呆了呢?

        大雁答道:湘灵之神在月夜弹的瑟曲调太伤感了,我忍受不了那悲怨欲绝的曲调,不得不离开潇湘飞回到北方来。

        注释

        潇湘:二水名,在今湖南境内。

        等闲:轻易、随便。

        水碧沙明:苔,鸟类的食物,雁尤喜食。

        二十五弦:指瑟。

        胜(音shēng):承受。

        赏析一

        这首《归雁》,虽写于北方,所咏却是从南方归来的春雁。

        诗咏“归雁”,雁是候鸟,深秋飞到南方过冬,春暖又飞回北方。古人认为,秋雁南飞,不越过湖南衡山的回雁峰,它们飞到峰北就栖息在湘江下游,过了冬天再飞回北方。作者依照这样的认识,从归雁想到了它们归来前的栖息地──湘江,又从湘江想到了湘江女神善于鼓瑟的神话,再根据瑟曲有《归雁操》进而把鼓瑟同大雁的归来相联系,这样就形成了诗中的奇思妙想。

        “潇湘何事等闲回?水碧沙明两岸苔。”开头两句用的是倒置法。古人一般不大了解大雁的生活习性,认为它们飞到湖南衡阳县南的回雁峰,就不再南飞,到第二年春暖花开的时候,就向北返回。潇湘在洞庭湖南面,水暖食足,气候很好,古人认为是大雁过冬的好地方,所以诗人想象归雁是从潇湘飞来的。大雁作为一种候鸟,每当春来,由南返北本是一种很正常的自然现象,但诗人偏要发问,连用两句设问,一反历代诗人把春雁北归视为理所当然的惯例,而故意对大雁的归来表示不解,询问归雁为什么舍得离开那环境优美、水草丰盛的湘江而回来。这突兀的询问,一下子就把读者的思路引上了诗人所安排的轨道——不理会大雁的习性,而另外探寻大雁归来的原因。

        作者在第三、四句代雁作了回答:“二十五弦弹夜月,不胜清怨却飞来。”湘江女神在月夜下鼓瑟(二十五弦),那瑟声凄凉哀怨,大雁不忍再听下去,才飞回北方的。这两句化用了湘灵鼓瑟的传说。古传湘水女神善鼓瑟,瑟本来有五十弦,因女神弹得声调凄怨,上帝令改为二十五弦。诗人发挥丰富的想象并借助美丽的神话,为读者展现了湘神鼓瑟的凄哀意境,着意塑造了多情善感而又通晓音乐的大雁形象。那么诗人为什么将湘神鼓瑟写得如此凄哀?大雁为什么“不胜清怨”呢?实际上诗人笔下的大雁是从“楚客不堪听”敷演而来,作者是按照贬迁异地的“楚客”来塑造客居湘江的旅雁的形象的。旅雁听到湘灵的充满思亲之悲的瑟声,便乡愁郁怀,羁思难耐,而毅然离开优美富足的湘江,向北方飞回。诗人借助充满羁旅愁苦的大雁,委婉地表达了客居他乡的羁旅愁思。从归雁想到了它们归来前的栖息地,又想到了湘江女神善于鼓瑟的神话,再根据瑟曲有《归雁操》进而把鼓瑟同大雁的归来相联系,这样就形成了诗中的奇思妙想。

        短短四句诗,构思新颖,想象丰富。诗中的潇湘夜景和瑟声虽都是想象之词,但通过这样一问一答,却把雁写成了通晓音乐和富于情感的生灵了。这首诗表面上写大雁,实际上是写诗人在春夜的感受。诗中没有直接说这种感受是什么。正因为没有明白说出,才留给读者无限的想象空间。

        《归雁》中的“不胜清怨却飞来”一句,原来是这首七言绝句构思巧妙新颖,想象丰富,笔法空灵,抒情婉转,意趣含蕴。它以独特的艺术特色,而成为引人注目的咏雁名篇之一。▲

        赏析二

        多愁善感是一般诗人的特点。但仅仅多愁善感,而不能够把这种情绪适当地、优美地表达出来以引起他人的共鸣,那还算不得一个成功的诗人。

        钱起这首《归雁》,就是假借诗人与雁的问答以披露春夜的某种感受,在婉转流利的形式中寄寓了深长情思的佳作。在这里,诗人自己的旅愁和乡思是作诗的原动力,而南来的大雁,或与归雁有关的瑟曲则是使诗人获得灵感并使飘忽的灵感变成生动形象的契机。诗人内心充沛的情感孕育了他的创作激情,而这激情一旦找到了恰当的语言形式,便会成为一首美丽的诗。

        首联是诗人对归雁的询问。传说大雁南飞越冬,到了衡山回雁峰即转回。所以诗人有此一问:哦,南来的雁啊,你为何离开潇湘那水碧沙明两岸长满莓苔,既安静又富饶的地方,而千里迢迢地飞回北方来呢?次联是代归雁作答:因为那里有湘灵在夜月下鼓瑟,我禁不住那曲调的清冷悲怨,所以才折返回来。这个回答词当然完全是想象之词,但这么一答就暗暗地(不是直接、显露地)牵出了湘灵鼓瑟的传说,使读者闭目即能想见月夜下一个在江边弹奏乐曲倾诉哀怨的女子形象,从而产生不忍卒听的反应。于是,读者便理解了大雁“却飞”(即折返而飞)的理由,更进而通过诗人同归雁这个南方来客的问答,体察到诗人身羁北方而怀念南方家乡的感情。而这正是钱起写这首诗所真正想表达的。▲

        钱起(722?—780年),字仲文,汉族,吴兴(今浙江湖州市)人,唐代诗人。早年数次赴试落第,唐天宝十年(751年)进士,大书法家怀素和尚之叔。初为秘书省校书郎、蓝田县尉,后任司勋员外郎、考功郎中、翰林学士等。曾任考功郎中,故世称“钱考功”。代宗大历中为翰林学士。他是大历十才子之一,也是其中杰出者,被誉为“大历十才子之冠”。又与郎士元齐名,称“钱郎”,当时称为“前有沈宋,后有钱郎。



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      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.003718s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.004000s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003291s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.004444s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003269s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.004917s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.004956s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003335s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003087s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.006413s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003454s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003455s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.003468s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.002081s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.003191s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11235 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002761s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.003722s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002599s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 188 WHERE `id` = 11235 [ RunTime:0.218590s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001635s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.002398s ]
      0.637309s