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      刘禹锡《赏牡丹》唯有牡丹真国色 花开时节动京城
      发布日期:2024-04-22

       

      赏牡丹
      刘禹锡〔唐代〕


      庭前芍药妖无格,池上芙蕖净少情。
      唯有牡丹真国色,花开时节动京城。


      《赏牡丹》是唐代文学家刘禹锡创作的一首托物咏怀诗。此诗描绘了唐朝惯有的观赏牡丹的习俗。前二句以芍药“妖无格”和芙蕖“净少情”衬托牡丹之高标格和富于情韵之美,使牡丹兼具妖、净、格、情四种资质,可谓花中之最美者;后二句则以“花开时节动京城”之句,来表现人们倾城而出观赏牡丹的热闹景象,以此赞颂牡丹为人赏爱的倾国之色。全诗用拟人对比和抑彼扬此的艺术手法,肯定了牡丹“真国色”的花界地位,真实地表现了当年牡丹花盛开引起京城轰动效应的情景,蕴含了诗人心中的理想人格精神。

      译文及注释

      译文


      庭前的芍药妖娆艳丽却缺乏骨格,池中的荷花清雅洁净却缺少情韵。
      只有牡丹才是真正的天姿国色,到了开花的季节引得无数的人来欣赏,惊动了整个京城。

      注释

      牡丹:著名的观赏植物。古无牡丹之名,统称芍药,后以木芍药称牡丹。一般谓牡丹之称在唐以后,但在唐前,已见于记载。

      庭前芍药:喻指宦官、权贵。芍药,多年生草本植物,属毛茛科,初夏开花,形状与牡丹相似。妖无格:妖娆美丽,但缺乏标格,格调不高。妖,艳丽、妩媚。格,品质、格调。郑虔《胡本草》:“芍药,一名没骨花。”牡丹别名“木芍药”,芍药为草本,又称“没骨牡丹”,故作者称其“无格”。

      芍药:多年生草本植物,属毛茛科,初夏开花,形状与牡丹相似。

      妖无格:妖娆美丽,但缺乏标格。妖:艳丽、妩媚。格:骨格。无格指格调不高。

      芙蕖:荷花的别名。《尔雅·释草》:“荷,芙渠。其茎茄,其叶蕸,其本蔤,其华菡萏,其实莲,其根藕,其中菂,菂中薏。”郭璞注:“(芙渠)别名芙蓉,江东呼荷。”净:洁净。情:情趣。

      国色:倾国倾城之美色。原意为一国中姿容最美的女子,此指牡丹富贵美艳、仪态万千。李濬《松窗杂录》:“上颇好诗,因问脩己曰:‘今京邑传唱牡丹花诗,谁为首出?’ 脩己对曰:‘臣尝闻公卿间多吟赏中书舍人李正封诗曰:“天香夜染衣,国色朝酣酒。”’上闻之,嗟赏移时。”吴钢、张天池《刘禹锡诗文选注》认为此为作者用来喻指革新人士。

      “花开”句:说明唐代观赏牡丹风气极盛。李肇《唐国史补》卷中:“京城贵游尚牡丹,三十余年矣。每春暮,车马若狂,以不耽玩为耻。执金吾铺官围外,寺观种以求利,一本有直数万者。元和末,韩令始至长安,居第有之,遽命劚去,曰:‘吾岂效儿女子耶!’”动,震动,轰动。京城,一般认为是指长安,如陶敏等校注的《刘禹锡全集编年校注》、瞿蜕园笺证的《刘禹锡集笺证》、吴钢等选注的《刘禹锡诗文选注》等;但刘锬编的《咏花古诗欣赏》、鲍思陶等编的《中国名胜诗联精鉴》以及谢明等编的《历代咏物诗选读》认为此诗中的京城是指洛阳。

      京城:一般认为是指长安,但刘锬编的《咏花古诗欣赏》、鲍思陶等编的《中国名胜诗联精鉴》以及谢明等编的《历代咏物诗选读》认为此诗中的京城是指洛阳。▲

      赏析

        此诗乃赞颂牡丹之作,其赞颂之手法,乃用抑彼扬此的反衬之法。诗人没有从正面描写牡丹的姿色,而是从侧面来写牡丹。诗一开始先评赏芍药和芙蕖。芍药与芙蕖本是为人所喜爱的花卉,然而诗人赞颂牡丹,乃用“芍药妖无格”和“芙蕖净少情”以衬托牡丹之高标格和富于情韵之美。“芍药”,本来同样是一种具有观赏价值的花卉,但据说到了唐代武则天以后,“牡丹始盛而芍药之艳衰” (王禹傅《芍药诗序》)。以至有人将牡丹比为“花王”,把芍药比作“近侍”。此处,刘禹锡也怀着主观感情,把芍药说成虽妖娆但格调不高。“芙蕖”,是在诗文中常以清高洁净的面目出现的花卉,但刘禹锡大概因为她亭亭玉立于池面之中,令人只可远观而不可近玩的缘故,说她纯洁而寡情。这里暗示了牡丹兼具妖、净、格、情四种资质,可谓花中之最美者。

        这首诗本来是《赏牡丹》,可落笔却不先说牡丹,而先对芍药和芙蕖进行评赏。首句写芍药,这种同样具有观赏价值的花儿,较之牡丹更早为人们所喜爱。《诗经》就写到过周朝郑国的男女以芍药相赠的欢乐场面,而同时期却不见有关牡丹的记载。所以宋代韩琦在《北第同赏芍药》中写道:“郑诗已取相酬赠,不见诸经载牡丹。”但随着时间的推移,社会习俗也在不断地变化。到了唐代武则天执政以后,“牡丹始盛而芍药之艳衰”,以至于有人将牡丹比为君王,把芍药比作近侍。芍药地位的下降,刘禹锡认为其格调不高,所以说芍药虽妖娆而无格。

        芙蕖,即荷花,这是自屈原以来在诗文中经常以清高洁净面目出现的花。大概由于它亭亭玉立于池塘水面之上,令人只可远观而不可近玩的缘故吧,刘禹锡觉得它虽纯洁却寡情。至此前两句已经分别对两种可与牡丹并肩的花儿进行了评赏:芍药的种植历史悠久,也曾受到人们的喜爱,但却“妖冶无格”;荷花也的确堪称花中君子,清高洁净,但却冷艳寡情。至此为后两句推出作者心中的最爱,可谓做足了铺垫,唯有期待着作者心中的“花王”隆重登场了。

        “唯有牡丹真国色,花开时节动京城。”“国色”,旧指一国中最美的女子。这里用来比喻牡丹,便将牡丹的超群姿色表现了出来。“真”字虽是副词,却加强了语气;“唯有”是一种不二的选择,增强了评赏的分量,照应了上面两句,包含着之所以作出如此不二的选择,是经过了认真比较,确认了“非此莫属”的地位的意思。在这样的美好评价和高度概括之后,再以“花开时节动京城”作结尾,既反映了京城人赏花倾城而动的习俗,又从侧面衬托了牡丹花的诱人魅力:正是由于它具有令人倾慕的“国色”,才使得“花开时节”京城轰动,人们奔走相告,争先赏玩。

        这短短四句诗,写了三种名花,而其中又深含了诗人丰富的审美思想。诗人没有忘记对芍药与荷花美好一面的赞誉,却又突出了牡丹的姿色,令人玩味无穷。作为花木,本来无所谓格调高下和感情的多寡,但诗人用拟人化和烘托的手法,巧妙生动地把自然美变成了艺术美,给人留下了难忘的印象。

      创作背景

        关于此诗的创作时间与地点,由陶敏、陶红雨校注的《刘禹锡全集编年校注》根据诗中用李正封“国色”之语推测此诗为大和二年(828年)至五年(831年)作者在长安所作;瞿蜕园的《刘禹锡集笺证》认为,此诗作于唐大和年间作者重入长安之时;高志忠的《刘禹锡诗编年校注》认为,此诗与《浑侍中宅牡丹》作于同时;吴钢、张天池《刘禹锡诗文选注》疑此诗为永贞革新时所作。

      简析

        《赏牡丹》是一首托物咏怀诗,此诗描绘了唐朝惯有的观赏牡丹的习俗。前二句以芍药“妖无格”和芙蕖“净少情”来衬托牡丹之高标格和富于情韵之美,使牡丹兼具妖、净、格、情四种资质,可谓花中之最美者;后二句则以“花开时节动京城”之句,来表现人们倾城而出观赏牡丹的热闹景象,以此赞颂牡丹为人赏爱的倾国之色。全诗用拟人、对比和抑彼扬此的艺术手法,肯定了牡丹“真国色”的花界地位,真实再现了当年牡丹花盛开引起京城轰动效应的情景,亦寄寓了诗人心中的理想人格。

      刘禹锡

      刘禹锡(772年~842年),字梦得,籍贯河南洛阳,生于河南郑州荥阳,自述“家本荥上,籍占洛阳” ,自称是汉中山靖王后裔。唐朝时期大臣、文学家、哲学家,有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新,是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马(今湖南常德)。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。

       



      有才子曰:刘禹锡《赏牡丹》唯有牡丹真国色 花开时节动京城

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      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.010361s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.009616s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.025612s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.007022s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.015845s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.016106s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.017027s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.014663s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.014535s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.011208s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.009783s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.009038s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.003648s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.008411s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.005551s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 1261 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.007075s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.012869s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.011473s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 3102 WHERE `id` = 1261 [ RunTime:0.009273s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 79 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.011954s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.007203s ]
      1.156501s