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      77岁李善长:朱元璋赐死的开国第一文臣
      发布日期:2025-07-04

      大明开国时,朱元璋最先封了六位功劳最大的公爵。其中排第一的是韩国公李善长。谁也没想到,洪武二十三年,77岁高龄的李善长走到人生尽头时,朱元璋竟下令将他全家70多口人满门抄斩!这到底是为什么呢?

      李善长是濠州定远人。至正十四年,朱元璋离开郭子兴,带着徐达等24个猛将南下定远,开始自己打天下。此时,李善长就成了最早跟随朱元璋的读书人。后来几年,朱元璋虽然又网罗了朱升、宋濂、刘伯温、叶琛、章溢等人才,这些人可能比李善长还有本事。但在朱元璋心里,最早跟他的、“少读书有志气”的李善长,地位一直是最高的。这是李善长能在开国六公爵中排名第一的关键原因。

      洪武三年,朱元璋大封功臣,让所有人意外的是:李善长竟然排在了战功赫赫的徐达前面,成了六公爵之首!朱元璋对此解释是:“善长虽然没有亲临战阵的功劳(汗马劳),但他跟随我最久,保障大军的粮草供应(给军食),功劳非常大!”在封赏诏书里,朱元璋更是把李善长比作汉代的萧何,说了满篇的赞美话。平心而论,这评价挺实在的。李善长不像徐达那样真刀真枪冲锋陷阵,也不像刘伯温那样足智多谋出谋划策。但他能管好后勤、安抚百姓、推荐人才、制定规章制度,为大后方的稳定发挥了顶梁柱的作用。

      朱元璋把李善长放在公爵之首,除了表彰功劳,其实还有深层用意。因为除了李善长,其他五位公爵——徐达、常茂(常遇春之子袭爵)、李文忠、冯胜、邓愈,全是打仗出身的将领。朱元璋这是在昭告天下:打江山靠武将,坐江山得靠文臣了!他要用文臣之首李善长,来压住那些功劳太大、容易威胁到皇帝的武将们。

      朱元璋这招驾驭群臣的手段相当高明。就这样,李善长成了大明开国的首席元勋。不仅如此,朱元璋还调整了丞相职务:让李善长升任百官之首的左丞相,徐达则调任右丞相。

      很多喜欢历史的朋友总爱拿李善长和刘伯温比高低。单论军事才能,刘伯温确实比李善长强。但要论处理政事,李善长远超刘伯温。明朝开国后,几乎所有重要制度——官制、礼仪、法律、封赏规矩,都是李善长一手制定落实的,充分证明了他管理国家事务的超强能力。

      李善长政治才能高,表面待人宽和,但内心其实很刻薄,得罪他的人都没好下场。有次刘伯温跟他争论法令对错,李善长急了出口责骂,竟把刘伯温吓得惶恐不安,甚至想辞职回乡养老。可见,李善长功劳或许堪比萧何,但人品修养差得远。他性格中的阴暗面,最终埋下了悲剧的种子。

      洪武十三年,震动朝野的“胡惟庸案”爆发,被牵连处死的多达三万人。胡惟庸也是濠州定远人,是李善长的同乡。当初正是李善长向朱元璋举荐了胡惟庸,后来两人还成了亲家(结为姻亲)。

      胡惟庸案发后,朱元璋念李善长劳苦功高,不仅没牵连他,反而把已经退休回老家的李善长请回京城,让他主管都察院(御史台事务)。直到事发五年后的洪武十八年,又有人告发:李善长的弟弟李存义父子也跟胡惟庸案有关。朱元璋依旧看在李善长面子上,没杀李存义父子,只是将他们流放到崇明岛。然而,让人意想不到的是,李善长事后竟没有去向皇帝谢恩!

      这种无声的对抗,让朱元璋心里开始对李善长不满。洪武二十三年,李善长已是77岁,老态龙钟。偏偏这时,朱元璋下令流放一批犯人,李善长却突然多次上书,请求特赦其中一个叫丁斌的犯人。这反常举动立刻引起了朱元璋的警觉!他敏锐地感觉到,这个丁斌身上一定有事。朱元璋立刻派人严审丁斌。

      丁斌扛不住拷问,招出了一个惊天秘密:胡惟庸谋反前,曾派李善长的弟弟李存义去劝说李善长加入!不过李善长当时拒绝了。胡惟庸不死心,又派杨文裕去游说,许诺成功后封给李善长淮西之地为王。李善长还是没同意。最后胡惟庸亲自出马劝说。这次,李善长态度模糊了,只说:“我老了,等我死了以后,你们爱怎么样就怎么样吧(好自为之)。”

      看到丁斌的供词,朱元璋勃然大怒!原来胡惟庸要造反这么重大的事,李善长从一开始就知道!但是他知情不报,这就是对皇帝不忠!知情不报,无疑踩到了朱元璋最不能容忍的红线。李善长的结局也就无法挽回了。

      很快,朱元璋就以“图谋造反(谋逆)”的大罪,将77岁的李善长和其妻女、子侄等70多口人全部处死。这位大明开国首席元勋、位居六公爵之首的韩国公李善长,最终没能安享晚年,倒在了自身性格缺陷和朱元璋的猜忌疑心之下。


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      147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
      148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
      149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
      150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001232s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.001399s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001278s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.001285s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000771s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.001258s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000894s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001017s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000851s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001156s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000898s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000893s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001484s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.001034s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.001517s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 19153 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001054s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001274s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000941s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 1297 WHERE `id` = 19153 [ RunTime:0.003906s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 102 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001845s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001248s ]
      0.153758s