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      杜牧《齐安郡后池绝句》菱透浮萍绿锦池 夏莺千啭弄蔷薇
      发布日期:2023-03-31

       

      齐安郡后池绝句
      杜牧 〔唐代〕


      菱透浮萍绿锦池,夏莺千啭弄蔷薇。
      尽日无人看微雨,鸳鸯相对浴红衣。


      《齐安郡后池绝句》是唐代诗人杜牧的作品。此诗展示了一幅清幽而妍丽的画面:在蒙蒙丝雨的笼罩下,有露出水面的菱叶、铺满池中的浮萍,有穿叶弄花的鸣莺、花枝离披的蔷薇,还有双双相对的浴水鸳鸯。诗人把这些生机盎然、杂呈眼底的景物,加以剪裁,组合成诗。全诗通篇写景,但并不是一首单纯的写景诗,景中有人有情,意境空灵含蓄,有若即若离之妙。

      名家点评

      北京大学中文系教授吴鸥《杜牧诗文选译》:这是杜牧在黄州所作,以生动的笔触描绘出初夏的后池景物。

      译文及注释

      译文


      翠菱掩露青萍绿透一池锦水,夏莺歌喉婉转嬉弄蔷薇花枝。
      整日无人来观赏这细雨景色,只有鸳鸯相对洗浴红色羽衣。

      注释

      齐安郡:即黄州。唐代在天宝年间曾改州为郡。
      菱:一年生水生草本植物,叶子略呈三角形,叶柄有气囊,夏天开花,白色。浮萍:浮生在水面上的一种草本植物。叶扁平,呈椭圆形或倒卵形,表面绿色,背面紫红色,叶下生须根,花白色。绿:此处作动词用,使动用法。锦池:即题中的“齐安郡后池”。
      啭(zhuàn):指鸟婉转地鸣叫。蔷薇:植物名。落叶灌木,茎细长,蔓生,枝上密生小刺,羽状复叶,小叶倒卵形或长圆形,花白色或淡红色,有芳香,可供观赏。南朝梁江洪《咏蔷薇》:“当户种蔷薇,枝叶太葳蕤。”
      尽日:犹终日,整天。《淮南子·泛论训》:“尽日极虑而无益于治,劳形竭智而无补于主。”
      鸳鸯:鸟名。似野鸭,体形较小,为中国特产珍禽之一。旧传雌雄偶居不离,古称“匹鸟”。《诗经·小雅·鸳鸯》:“鸳鸯于飞,毕之罗之。”毛传:“鸳鸯,匹鸟也。”红衣:指鸳鸯的彩色羽毛。宋祖可《菩萨蛮》词:“鸳鸯如解语,对浴红衣去。”

      赏析

        这是一首画面优美、引人入胜的小诗。它描绘了一幅生动的画面:一座幽静无人的园林,在蒙蒙丝雨的笼罩下,有露出水面的菱叶、铺满池中的浮萍,有穿叶弄花的鸣莺、花枝离披的蔷薇,还有双双相对的浴水鸳鸯。诗人把这些生机盎然、杂呈眼底的景物,加以剪裁,组合成诗,向读者展示了一幅清幽而妍丽的画图。诗的首句“菱透浮萍绿锦池”和末句“鸳鸯相对浴红衣”,描画的都是池面景,点明题中的“后池”。次句“夏莺千啭弄蔷薇”,描画的是岸边景。这是池面景的陪衬,而从这幅池塘夏色图的布局来看,又是必不可少的。至于第三句“尽日无人看微雨”,虽然淡淡写来,却是极为关键的一句,它为整幅画染上一层幽寂、迷朦的色彩。句中的“看”字,则暗暗托出观景之人。四句诗安排得错落有致,而又融会为一个整体,具有悦目赏心的美感。

        这首诗之使人产生美感,还因为它的设色多彩而又协调。刘勰在《文心雕龙·物色篇》中指出“摛表五色,贵在时见”,并举“《雅》咏棠华,或黄或白,《骚》述秋兰,绿叶紫茎”为例。这首绝句在色彩的点染上,交错使用了明笔与暗笔。“绿锦池”、“浴红衣”,明点绿、红两色:“菱”、“浮萍”、“莺”、“蔷薇”,则通过物体暗示绿、黄两色。出水的菱叶和水面的浮萍都是翠绿色,夏莺的羽毛是嫩黄色,而初夏开放的蔷薇花也多半是黄色。就整个画面的配色来看,第一句在池面重叠覆盖上菱叶和浮萍,好似织成了一片绿锦。第二句则为这片绿锦绣上了黄鸟、黄花。不过,这样的色彩配合也许素净有余而明艳不足,因此,诗的末句特以鸳鸯的红衣为画面增添光泽,从而使画面更为醒目。

        这首诗还运用了以动表静、以声响显示幽寂的手法。它所要表现的本是一个极其静寂的环境,但诗中不仅有禽鸟浴水、弄花的动景,而且还让蔷薇丛中传出一片莺声。这样写,并没有破坏环境的静寂,反而显得更静寂。这是因为,动与静、声与寂,看似相反,其实相成。王籍《入若耶溪》诗“蝉噪林逾静,鸟鸣山更幽”一句,正道破了这一奥秘。

        这首诗通篇写景,但并不是一首单纯的写景诗,景中自有人在,自有情在。三、四两句是全篇关目。第三句不仅展示一个“尽日无人”的环境,而且隐然还有一位尽日看雨之人,其百无聊赖的情状是可以想见的。句中说“看微雨”,其实,丝雨纷纷,无可寓目,可寓目的应是菱叶、浮萍、池水、鸣莺、蔷薇。而其人最后心目所注却是池面鸳鸯的相对戏水。这对鸳鸯更映衬出看雨人的孤独必然使他见景生情,生发许多联想、遐想。可与这首诗参读的有焦循《秋江曲》:“早看鸳鸯飞,暮看鸳鸯宿。鸳鸯有时飞,鸳鸯有时宿。”两诗妙处都在不道破注视鸳鸯的人此时所想何事,所怀何情,而篇外之意却不言自见。对照两诗,杜牧的这首诗可能更空灵含蓄,更有若即若离之妙。▲


      创作背景

        此诗作于杜牧受人排挤,被外放为黄州刺史之时,时间在在唐武宗会昌二年(842年)四月至会昌四年(844年)九月之间。


      杜牧(公元803-约852年),字牧之,号樊川居士,汉族,京兆万年(今陕西西安)人,唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”,以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅,故后世称“杜樊川”,著有《樊川文集》。

       



      有才子曰:杜牧《齐安郡后池绝句》菱透浮萍绿锦池 夏莺千啭弄蔷薇

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      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000969s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.003780s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003354s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.002070s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002439s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.003691s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001650s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001854s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001925s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003484s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001890s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.002141s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.002513s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.001692s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.002811s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 724 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002305s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.002368s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001597s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 3141 WHERE `id` = 724 [ RunTime:0.003611s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 79 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001175s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001334s ]
      0.242755s