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      李商隐《牡丹》我是梦中传彩笔 欲书花叶寄朝云
      发布日期:2023-04-12

       

      牡丹
      李商隐 〔唐代〕


      锦帏初卷卫夫人,绣被犹堆越鄂君。
      垂手乱翻雕玉佩,折腰争舞郁金裙。

      石家蜡烛何曾剪,荀令香炉可待熏。
      我是梦中传彩笔,欲书花叶寄朝云。


      《牡丹》是唐代诗人李商隐创作的一首七律。此诗借咏牡丹抒发诗人对意中人的爱慕、相思之情,借绝色艳姝来比拟,以花写人,并暗示意念中的情人如花似玉。首联结合典故描绘了一幅单株牡丹的特写图,颔联展示牡丹随风摇曳时的绰约丰姿,颈联具体地描写了牡丹的色香,尾联反用梦中传彩笔之典表明诗人心摇神荡的兴奋激动之情。全诗构思巧妙,借物比人,又以人拟物,明写牡丹,暗颂佳人,一实一虚,别具一格。

      名家点评

      元代郝天挺注、明代廖文炳解、清代朱三锡评《唐诗鼓吹笺注》:通篇极写牡丹之姿态、香色,雅艳独绝,当亦有托而咏也。

      清代何焯《义门读书记》:此篇亦《无题》之流也。起联生气涌出,无复用事之迹。

      清代黄周星《唐诗快》:义山之诗,大约如赋水法,只于水之前后左有写之。如此诗本咏牡丹,何尝有一句说牡丹?又何尝一句非牡丹?

      清代胡以梅《唐诗贯珠》:通身脱尽皮毛,全用比体,登峰造极之作。锦心灵气,读者细味自知。

      清代陆昆曾《李义山诗解》:牡丹名作,唐人不下数十百篇,而无出义山右者,唯气盛故也……此篇生气涌出,自首至尾,毫无用事之迹,而又存细腻熨贴。诗至此,纤悉无遗憾矣。

      清代屈复《玉溪生诗意》:六皆比:一花,二叶,三盛,四态,五色,六香。结言花叶之妙丽可并神女也。

      清代程梦星《重订李义山诗集笺注》:此艳诗也。以其人为国色,故以牡丹喻之。结二语情致宛转,分明漏泄。

      清代纪昀《玉溪生诗说》:八句八事,却一气鼓荡,不见用事之迹,绝大神力。

      清代张世炜《唐七律隽》:咏物之妙,在不即不离,言有尽而意无穷,无短饤之气……而《牡丹》之作,人工之至,天巧自来,当在罗昭谏之上。

      译文及注释

      译文


      织锦的帘帷刚刚卷起,是美艳的卫夫人;丝绣的褥被还堆拥着,是俊秀的越鄂君。
      既像在垂手而舞,雕玉佩饰正零乱翻动;又像在弯腰而舞,郁金裙子正争相回旋。
      它像石崇家的蜡烛,哪须常把烛芯剪去?它像荀令君的体肤,岂用香炉细细染熏?
      我是诗人江淹,在梦中得到了那支彩笔,想把清丽的词句,题在花叶上寄给朝云。

      注释

      锦帏(wéi):锦帐。南朝梁简文帝《书案铭》:“厕质锦帷,承芳绮缛。”
      卫夫人:春秋时卫灵公的夫人南子,以美艳著称。《典略》载,孔子回到卫国,受到南子接见。南子在锦帷中,孔子北面稽首,南子在帷中回拜,环佩之声璆然。此句原注:《典略》云:“夫子见南子在锦帏之中。”
      越鄂君:春秋楚王母弟鄂君子晳乘舟,操舟越女以歌声表达对其爱慕之情。鄂君举绣被覆盖越女得以交欢尽意。这里形容牡丹花如同被绣被包裹着的鄂君子晳。楚地接近吴越,所以称“越鄂君”。
      “绣被”句:用鄂君举绣被拥越人的典故。据《说苑·善说篇》记载,鄂君子皙泛舟河中,划桨的越人唱歌表示对鄂君的爱戴,鄂君为歌所动,扬起长袖,举绣被覆之。此将牡丹喻为绣被拥裹的越人。或谓越鄂君系兼取美妇人美男子为比,见钱钟书《谈艺录补订》。
      “垂手”句:《乐府解题》:大垂手言舞而垂其手,又有小垂手及独垂手。《乐府杂录》谓大垂手、小垂手的舞姿或如惊鸿,或如飞燕。故舞时玉佩乱翻。
      折:一作“招”。折腰争舞:一作“细腰频换。”《西京杂记》:戚夫人善为翘袖折腰之舞。郁金裙:用郁金草染色的裙。
      “石家”句:状牡丹之色如燃烧的大片烛焰。《世说新语·汰侈》载,石崇豪侈,“用蜡烛作炊”。蜡烛当柴烧,无须剪芯,故说“何曾剪”。
      “荀令”句:谓牡丹之香自然生成,不须熏得。荀令即荀彧 ,字文若 ,为侍中,曾守尚书令。曹操所有军政之事均与他协商,呼之荀令君。
      “我是”句:自诩有才。《南史·江淹传》载,江淹尝宿于冶亭,梦一丈夫自称郭璞,谓淹曰:‘吾有笔在卿处多年,可以见还。’淹乃探怀中得五色笔一以授之,尔后为诗,绝无美句。时人谓之才尽。
      叶:一作“片”。朝云:指巫山神女。战国时楚怀王游高唐,昼梦幸巫山之女。后好事者为立庙,号曰“朝云”。唐元稹《白衣裳》诗:“闲倚屏风笑周昉,枉抛心力画朝云。”


      赏析

        首联是单株牡丹的特写图。开头借用《典略》典故,以锦帷乍卷、容颜初露的卫夫人形容牡丹初放时的艳丽夺目含羞娇艳。次句用《说苑》典故,原典是鄂君举绣被拥越人,此谓“绣被犹堆越鄂君”,清人马位《秋窗随笔》及桂馥《札朴》已指出其为误用(桂谓当为“楚鄂君”)。诗人将牡丹的绿叶想象成鄂君的绣被,将牡丹花想象成绣被覆盖的越人,传神地描绘初开的牡丹花在绿叶的簇拥中鲜艳的风采。“犹堆”二字刻画花苞初盛时绿叶紧包的形状,与“初卷”相呼应。

        颔联展示牡丹随风摇曳时的绰约丰姿。垂手、折腰都是舞名,亦指舞姿。玉佩指舞女身上佩戴的玉制饰物;郁金裙指郁金草染色的裙。这两句以舞者翩翩起舞时垂手折腰,佩饰翻动,长裙飘扬的轻盈姿态来作比喻,牡丹花叶在迎风起舞时起伏翻卷,摇曳多姿的形象。

        前两联重在描绘牡丹静中的形态,颈联具体地描写了牡丹的色香。“石家蜡烛何曾剪”形容牡丹的颜色像燃烧着的大片烛火,却无须修剪烛芯。“何曾剪”西晋石崇豪奢至极,用蜡烛当柴,烛芯自不必剪。“荀令香炉可待熏”是说牡丹的芳香本自天生,岂待香炉熏烘。据说荀彧到人家,坐处三日香。旧时衣香皆由香炉熏成,荀令自然身香,所以说“可待熏”。

        尾联写诗人陶醉于国色天香,恍惚梦见了巫山神女,盼望她传授一支生花彩笔,将思慕之情题写在这花叶上,寄给巫山神女。梦中传彩笔,典出《南史·江淹传》,这里反其意而用之,表明诗人心摇神荡的兴奋激动之情。

        这首诗构思巧妙,借物比人,又以人拟物,借卫夫人、越人、贵家舞伎、石家燃烛、荀令香炉等故事描写牡丹花叶的风姿绰约、艳丽色彩和馥郁香味,使牡丹的情态毕现。最后诗人突发奇想,欲寄牡丹花叶于巫山神女。明写牡丹,暗颂佳人,一实一虚,别具一格,令人回味无穷。


      创作背景

        这首《牡丹》诗托物咏怀,当为李商隐早期的作品,其具体创作年份未详。


      李商隐(约813年-约858年),字义山,号玉溪(谿)生、樊南生,唐代著名诗人,祖籍河内(今河南省焦作市)沁阳,出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作,骈文文学价值也很高,是晚唐最出色的诗人之一,和杜牧合称“小李杜”,与温庭筠合称为“温李”,因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近,且三人都在家族里排行第十六,故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇,风格秾丽,尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻,优美动人,广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离,难于索解,至有“诗家总爱西昆好,独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中,一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳(今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处)。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。

       



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      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001176s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.002767s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002119s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.003259s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001894s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.003080s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001466s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001750s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001460s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001664s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001544s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001447s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.002002s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.001345s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.002692s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 734 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002631s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001899s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001660s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 2897 WHERE `id` = 734 [ RunTime:0.004506s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 79 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001402s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001887s ]
      0.496636s