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      刘禹锡《秋风引》何处秋风至 萧萧送雁群
      发布日期:2023-08-18

       

      秋风引
      刘禹锡〔唐代〕


      何处秋风至?萧萧送雁群。
      朝来入庭树,孤客最先闻。


      《秋风引》是唐代文学家刘禹锡的诗作。全诗四句,前两句写秋风始至,鸿雁南来;后两句写风吹庭树,孤客先闻。此诗表面写秋风,实际却是在感叹自己的际遇,抒发了诗人孤独、思乡的感情。其妙处在于不从正面着笔,始终只就秋风做文章,而结句曲折见意,含蓄不尽。

      名家点评

      明代郭濬《增订评注唐诗正声》:“李云:不曰‘不堪闻’,而曰‘最先闻’,语意最深。”

      明代钟惺《唐诗归》:“不曰‘不堪闻’,而曰‘最先闻’,语意便深厚。”

      明代周珽《唐诗选脉会通评林》:“徐克曰:‘人情之真,非老于世故者不能道此。’”

      明代吴昌祺《删订唐诗解》:“用意最妙。”

      清代黄叔灿《唐诗笺注》:“谁不闻而曰‘最先闻’,孤客触绪惊心,形容尽矣。若说‘不堪闻’,便浅。”

      清代李锳《诗法易简录》:“咏秋风必有闻此秋风者,妙在‘最先’二字为‘孤客’写神,无限情怀,溢于言表。”

      清代沈德潜《唐诗别裁集》:“若说‘不堪闻’,便浅。”

      清代吴瑞荣《唐诗笺要》:“梦得《鄂渚留别》末云:‘欲问江深浅,应如远别情。’情思不剧,与此诗皆陶冶乐府而得。”

      清代吴烻《唐诗选胜直解》:“风无形,随四时之气而生,曰何处惊之也。秋风秋雁并在一时,若风送之者然,况万物经秋,皆将黄落逐臣孤客,无难为情,曰‘入庭树’,曰‘最先闻’,惊心更早,宋玉悲秋,略与仿佛。”

      清末俞陛云《诗境浅说续编》:“四序迭更,一岁之常例,惟乍逢秋至,其容则天高日晶,其气则山川寂寥。别有一种感人意味,况天涯孤客,入耳先惊,能无惆怅?苏颋之《汾上惊秋》,韦应物之《淮南闻雁》,皆同此感也。”

      译文及注释

      译文


      秋风是从哪里吹来?萧萧落叶声中送来了一群群大雁。
      早晨秋风撩动庭中的树木,独自漂泊他乡的人最先听到了秋声。

      注释

      引:一种文学或乐曲体裁之一,有序奏之意,即引子,开头。
      至:到。
      萧萧:形容风吹树木的声音。
      雁群:大雁的群体。
      朝:凌晨。
      庭树:庭园的树木。
      孤客:单身旅居外地的人。这里指诗人自己。
      闻:听到。


      赏析

        刘禹锡曾在偏远的南方过了一个长时期的贬谪生活;这首诗可能作于贬所,因秋风起、雁南飞而触动了孤客之心。诗的内容,其实就是江淹《休上人怨别》诗开头两句所说的“西北秋风至,楚客心悠哉”;但诗人没有在客心上多费笔墨,而在秋风上驰骋诗思。

        诗以“秋风”为题;首句“何处秋风至”,就题发问,摇曳生姿,而通过这一起势突兀、下笔飘忽的问句,也显示了秋风的不知其来、忽然而至的特征。如果进一步推寻它的弦外之音,这一问,可能还暗含怨秋的意思,与李白《春思》诗“春风不相识,何事入罗帏”句有异曲同工之处。当然,秋风之来,既无影无迹,又无所不在,它从何处来、来到何处,本是无可究诘的。这里虽以问语出之,而诗人的真意原不在追根究底,接下来就宕开诗笔,以“萧萧送雁群”一句写耳所闻的风来萧萧之声和目所见的随风而来的雁群。这样,就化无形之风为可闻可见的景象,从而把不知何处至的秋风绘声绘影地写入诗篇。

        前两句诗,合起来看,可能脱胎于屈原《九歌》“风飒飒兮木萧萧”和汉武帝《秋风辞》“秋风起兮白云飞,草木黄落兮雁南归”。而可以与这两句诗合参的有韦应物的《闻雁》诗:“故园渺何处?归思方悠哉。淮南秋雨夜,高斋闻雁来。”但韦诗是以我感物,以情会景,先写“归思”,后写“闻雁”。沈德潜在《唐诗别裁集》中指出,这样写,“其情自深”,如果“倒转说”,就成了一般人都写得出的普通作品了。但是,诗无定法,不能执一而论。这首《秋风引》前两句所写的秋风始至、鸿雁南来,正是韦诗后两句的内容,恰恰是把韦诗倒转过来说的。它是远处落想,空际运笔,从闻雁思归之人的对面写起,就秋风送雁构思造境。至于韦诗前两句的内容,是留到篇末再写的。

        “朝来入庭树,孤客最先闻”,把笔触从秋空中的“雁群”移向地面上的“庭树”,再集中到独在异乡、“归思方悠哉”的“楚客”,由远而近,步步换景。“朝来”句既承接首句的“秋风至”,又承接次句的“萧萧”声,不是回答又似回答了篇端的发问。它说明秋风的来去虽然无处可寻,却又附着它物而随处存在,此刻风动庭树,木叶萧萧,则无形的秋风分明已经近在庭院、来到耳边了。

        “孤客最先闻”诗写到这里,写足了作为诗题的“秋风”,诗中之人还没有露面,景中之情还没有点出。"孤客最先闻。”才画龙点睛,说秋风已为“孤客”所“闻”。这里,如果联系作者的另一首《始闻秋风》诗,其中“五夜飕飗枕前觉,一年颜状镜中来”两句,倒可以作“闻”的补充说明。当然,作为“孤客”,他不仅会因颜状改变而为岁月流逝兴悲,其羁旅之情和思归之心更是可想而知的。

        这首诗主要要表达的,其实正是这羁旅之情和思归之心,但妙在不从正面着笔,始终只就秋风做文章,在篇末虽然推出了“孤客”,也只写到他“闻”秋风而止。至于他的旅情归思是以“最先”两字来暗示的。如照说,秋风吹到庭树,每个人都可以同时听到,不应当有先后之分。而惟独孤客“最先”听到,可以想见,他对时序、物候有特殊的敏感。而他如此敏感的原因。这就是对“最先闻”的解释。这些评语都称赞这一结句曲折见意,含蓄不尽,为读者留有可寻味的深度。从全诗看来,却必须说“不可闻”,才与它的苍凉慷慨的意境、高亢劲健的风格相融浃。两个结句,内容相似,一用曲笔,一用直笔,却各尽其妙。对照之下,可悟诗法。

        这首诗借景抒情,主要表达的其实是这羁旅之情和思归之心,它说明秋风的来去虽然无处可寻,却又附着它物随处存在,风吹树动,萧萧木叶,那无形的秋风分明已经近在庭院、来到耳边了。▲


      创作背景

        刘禹锡曾被贬南方,这首诗就是作于被贬期间。因秋风起、雁南飞而触动了异乡孤客之心,有感而作。

      刘禹锡(772年~842年),字梦得,籍贯河南洛阳,生于河南郑州荥阳,自述“家本荥上,籍占洛阳” ,自称是汉中山靖王后裔。唐朝时期大臣、文学家、哲学家,有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新,是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马(今湖南常德)。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。

       



      有才子曰:刘禹锡《秋风引》何处秋风至 萧萧送雁群

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      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.006715s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.008485s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.006052s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.015562s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004817s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.010459s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.006596s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.005920s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.009548s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.008618s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.006926s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.013882s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.002865s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.004656s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.013265s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 822 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.012704s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.003165s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004946s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 2391 WHERE `id` = 822 [ RunTime:0.008981s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 79 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004791s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.005947s ]
      0.927938s