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      张耒《夜坐》梧桐真不甘衰谢 数叶迎风尚有声
      发布日期:2023-09-23

       

      夜坐
      张耒〔宋代〕


      庭户无人秋月明,夜霜欲落气先清。
      梧桐真不甘衰谢,数叶迎风尚有声。


      《夜坐》是北宋诗人张耒创作的一首七言绝句。这首七绝是秋夜即景咏怀诗,诗人通过咏不甘凋零的梧桐来寄托自己倔傲的心志。首二句写庭院无人,月色光明,夜霜将降,空气清冷,不但点明了时令,渲染了氛围的沉寂凄清,而且烘托出诗人“夜坐”时孤寂的心境。后两句笔锋振起,赞美庭院中不甘凋败衰谢的梧桐,其中一个“真”字充满了诗人无限钦佩之情。结句具体地描绘出梧桐秋残之叶迎风抖擞的姿态。小诗寄寓了诗人不甘寂寞、积极人世、老而弥坚的自强精神,大有曹操“老骥伏枥,志在千里”的意味,是一首激励人们积极向上的好诗。此诗用词浅显平易却寓意深切。

      译文及注释

      译文


      寂静的前庭空无一人,只有秋月仍旧明亮,夜霜还未落下秋气已先清冷、萧瑟。
      梧桐树矗立在庭前,也不甘就此衰落,仅剩的几片树叶迎着秋风却仍在飒飒作响。

      注释

      夜坐:夜间月下独坐,在思考人生。
      庭户:庭院。
      夜霜欲落:古人认为霜是从天上降落的。清:清冷、萧瑟。
      真:一作“直”。甘:甘心。衰谢:衰落凋零。
      尚:还,仍。

      名家点评

      陕西师范大学教授霍松林《宋诗举要》:“后两句所写者不过风吹残叶、沙沙作响而已;诗人却用拟人化手法,翻出新意,称赞‘梧桐真不甘衰谢’,令人深受鼓舞……表现了不甘屈服、敢于抗争的坚强意志。”

      北京大学教授林庚、北京大学教授冯沅君《宋诗精华》:“‘梧桐’二句,写物而有人在,有曹操‘老骥伏枥,志在千里’的意味。”

      北京化工大学教授沈时蓉、南京大学教授莫砺锋《宋诗精华》:“古诗中写到秋风残叶,总是充满了悲凉凄恻之感,因为那确是肃杀的季节的象征。但此诗则一反寻常,偏偏写残叶不甘衰谢的精神,真可谓出人意表。在这一点上,此诗比刘禹锡的‘晴空一鹤排云上,便引诗情到碧霄’(《秋词》)更胜一筹。宋人作诗力避陈俗的精神,于此可睹一斑。”

      南开大学教授卢盛江《中国古典诗词曲选粹·宋诗卷·上》:“‘梧桐真不甘衰谢,数叶迎风尚有声’二句似从孟郊《秋怀》‘梧桐枯峥嵘,声响如哀弹’化出,但孟诗悲酸苦涩,而此诗刚硬劲拔,格调不同。”

      北京大学教授褚斌杰《中国历代诗词精品鉴赏·中》:“诗以秋桐之不甘衰谢、迎风有声,寄寓自身不甘废放的健劲之心。看似漫不经心,实有风人之致,自然流转,词浅意深。” 

      赏析

        这首七绝是秋夜即景咏怀诗,诗人通过咏不甘凋零的梧桐来寄托自己倔傲的心志。首二句写庭院无人,月色光明,夜霜将降,空气清冷,不但点明了时令,渲染了氛围的沉寂凄清,而且烘托出诗人“夜坐”时孤寂的心境。后两句笔锋振起,赞美庭院中不甘凋败衰谢的梧桐,其中一个“真”字充满了诗人无限钦佩之情。结句具体地描绘出梧桐秋残之叶迎风抖擞的姿态。小诗寄寓了诗人不甘寂寞、积极人世、老而弥坚的自强精神,大有曹操“老骥伏枥,志在千里”的意味,是一首激励人们积极向上的好诗。此诗用词浅显平易却寓意深切。

        “庭户无人秋月明”,紧扣诗题“夜坐”二字,交代了环境。诗人在夜深人静之时,难以成眠,独坐月下,把自己融进了静谧而优美的自然之中。“秋月明”三字,乍看似陶渊明“凉风起将夕,夜景湛虚明”( 《辛丑岁七月赴假还江陵夜行涂口》)的明澈淡远之境,可是韵味迥然不同。“庭户无人”四字,将月色衬托得孤冷寒冽,使秋景变得萧瑟清寒。

        “夜霜欲落气先清”,使人惊叹诗人对大自然观察、描绘的细腻与准确。清秋之夜,霜雾并不是骤然降临,它常常是随着月转星移而逐渐显现,所以诗人用了一个“欲”字。气清才显月明,月明益见气清,两者互为因果。此句与上句所构成的境界,使月与人离得更近了。明月近人,才更能逗引诗人心驰神往。

        “梧桐真不甘衰谢,数叶迎风尚有声”两句是写这时,诗人独坐室内,静听秋声,不免神驰千里,情骛八极。他从稀稀落落的桐叶声中,听出了刚强的抗争精神、强烈的生命力,从而心灵受到震动,被带进了对人生哲理深邃而渺远的思考之中。当霜风凄紧之时,几叶寒桐迎风抖动,铮铮有声,多么扣入心弦。“尚”字紧扣上句而来,表明这数片寒叶在寒风中仍不甘心凋零,同时还暗示诗人内心的倔强之态。《文心雕龙·明诗》说:“人禀七情,应物斯感,感物吟志,莫非自然。”诗人此时闻声兴感,情怀发于不自觉,正是思与境谐的天然妙合。

        严羽《沧浪诗话》在讲到诗的好处时曾标举“言有尽而意无穷” ,《李杜诗纬》也说:“诗贵意,意贵远不贵近”,张耒的这首诗就有意境深远的妙处。▲


      创作背景

        这首诗是张耒晚年的作品,创作时间大约在崇宁(1102-1106)末期。张耒自幼有雄才,然而仕途却十分坎坷,晚年罢官后,投闲困苦,却口不言贫,这首诗就表现了他刚毅而超脱的性格。


      张耒

      张耒(1054—1114年),字文潜,号柯山,亳州谯县(今安徽亳州市)人。北宋时期大臣、文学家,人称宛丘先生、张右史。代表作有《少年游》、《风流子》等。《少年游》写闺情离思,那娇羞少女的情态跃然纸上,让人羡煞爱煞,那份温情美妙真是有点“浓得化不开”。著有《柯山集》、《宛邱集》。词有《柯山诗余》。列为元佑党人,数遭贬谪,晚居陈州。

       



      有才子曰:张耒《夜坐》梧桐真不甘衰谢 数叶迎风尚有声

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      1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000987s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
      2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.002014s ]
      3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002008s ]
      4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.002066s ]
      5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001009s ]
      6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.001250s ]
      7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000985s ]
      8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001109s ]
      9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001036s ]
      10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001041s ]
      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001019s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000924s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001551s ]
      14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.001322s ]
      15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.001332s ]
      16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 860 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001202s ]
      17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001560s ]
      18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001123s ]
      19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 2725 WHERE `id` = 860 [ RunTime:0.002664s ]
      20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 79 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000879s ]
      21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000836s ]
      0.160922s