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      许浑
      朝代:[唐代] 2024-06-12
      许浑(约791~约858),字用晦(一作仲晦),唐代诗人,润州丹阳(今江苏丹阳)人。晚唐最具影响力的诗人之一,其一生不作古诗,专攻律体;题材以怀古、田园诗为佳,艺术则以偶对整密、诗律纯熟为特色。唯诗中多描写水、雨之景,后人拟之与诗圣杜甫齐名,并以“许浑千首诗,杜甫一生愁”评价之。成年后移家京口(今江苏镇江)丁卯涧,以丁卯名其诗集,后人因称“许丁卯”。许诗误入杜牧集者甚多。代表作有《咸阳城东楼》。
      许浑生平

      生平

      许浑(约791~约858),字用晦,一作仲晦,祖籍安州安陆(今湖北安陆),寓居润州(今江苏镇江)。武后朝宰相许圉师六世孙。文宗大和六年(832)进士及第,先后任当涂、太平令,因病免。大中年间入为监察御史,因病乞归,后复出仕,任润州司马。历虞部员外郎,转睦、郢二州刺史。晚年归润州丁卯桥村舍闲居,自编诗集,曰《丁卯集》。其诗皆近体,五七律尤多,句法圆熟工稳,声调平仄自成一格,即所谓“丁卯体”。诗多写“水”,故有“许浑千首湿”之讽。

      文学评价

        从总体上说,许浑缺乏对现实的自觉关注与刚健高朗的性格,追寻旷逸闲适、逃避社会的思想在他诗中显得更特出。所以,尽管他也写过不少咏史诗,如“荒台麋鹿争新草,空苑凫鹜占浅莎”(《姑苏怀古》),“行殿有基荒荠合,陵园无主野棠开”(《凌歊台》)之类,但他在叹息的同时并没有批判意味,而是情绪更偏于消沉,一味哀叹岁华变迁,给人以灰暗的感觉。也正因为如此,他更大量地写的是消极恬退的闲适诗。

        从艺术角度来看,正因为他反复咏叹个人境遇和描写闲适的生活,诗的内容很单调,虽然技巧娴熟,意境却容易重复。像“扣舷滩鸟没,移棹草虫鸣”(《送同年崔先辈》),“鱼沉秋水静,鸟宿暮山空”(《忆长洲》),这种以鸟禽虫鱼来点缀的句子单独地看还不错,写多了就成了俗套,后人所谓“许浑千首湿”(《苕溪渔隐丛话》引《桐江诗话》)的说法,就是对他总是重复地用“水”、“雨”之类景物构成诗境的讽刺。

      诗作特色

        许浑以登临怀古见长。名篇如《咸阳城东楼》、《金陵怀古》、《故洛城》、《途中寒食》、《凌□台》,追抚山河陈迹,俯仰古今兴废,颇有苍凉悲慨之致。但往往限于伤今吊古,别无深意,读多难免有落套之感。其宦游、寄酬、伤逝诸作,亦时有佳句,如“马上折残江北柳,舟中开尽岭南花”(《暮宿东溪》),“两岩花落夜风急,一径草荒春雨多”(《郑秀才东归凭达家书》),都能在写景中托寓情思,婉丽可讽。而意境浅狭,气格卑弱,是其通病。另外,许浑是《清明》一诗的作者,由于南唐编《千家诗》时出错,导致《清明》一诗的作者至今仍误传为杜牧,在此改正。

        其诗现存 500首左右,无一首古体。近体以五、七言律诗居多,圆稳工整,属对精切,致有“声律之熟,无如浑者”(田雯《古欢堂集·杂著》)的赞语。 但也有人批评他“专对偶”、“工有余而味不足”(方回《瀛奎律髓》)。一般说来,他的警句常出现在第二联,如“溪云初起日沉阁(一作“谷”),山雨欲来风满楼”(《咸阳城东楼》)、“水声东去市朝变,山势北来宫殿高”(《故洛城》),而到后半篇往往流于平沓,各首间句意也时见复出。他喜欢将律句三字尾的声调改为“仄平仄”对“平仄平”,以显示拗峭变化,为后人所仿效,称作“丁卯句法”。

        《丁卯集》2卷,有明汲古阁刻本及《四部丛刊》影印的影宋写本。涵芬楼影印宋蜀刻本,题名《许用晦文集》,多拾遗2卷。《唐诗百名家全集》本所收,则于正集2卷外,有续集1卷,续补1卷、集外遗诗1卷,较为完备。《全唐诗》析为11卷,有相当数量诗篇与杜牧及他人诗作重见互出。事迹见《唐诗纪事》、《唐才子传》。

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      11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
      12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000558s ]
      13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000576s ]
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      0.300404s